The DOI matches its Crossref record; 226 of the 231 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Androgen excess fetal programming of female reproduction: a developmental aetiology for polycystic ovary syndrome
Abstract
The aetiology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remains unknown. This familial syndrome is prevalent among reproductive-aged women and its inheritance indicates a dominant regulatory gene with incomplete penetrance. However, promising candidate genes have proven unreliable as markers for the PCOS phenotype. This lack of genetic linkage may represent both extreme heterogeneity of PCOS and difficulty in establishing a universally accepted PCOS diagnosis. Nevertheless, hyperandrogenism is one of the most consistently expressed PCOS traits. Animal models that mimic fetal androgen excess may thus provide unique insight into the origins of the PCOS syndrome. Many female mammals exposed to androgen excess in utero or during early post-natal life typically show masculinized and defeminized behaviour, ovulatory dysfunction and virilized genitalia, although behavioural and ovulatory dysfunction can coexist without virilized genitalia based upon the timing of androgen excess. One animal model shows particular relevance to PCOS: the prenatally androgenized female rhesus monkey. Females exposed to androgen excess early in gestation exhibit hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhoea and enlarged, polyfollicular ovaries, in addition to LH hypersecretion, impaired embryo development, insulin resistance accompanying abdominal obesity, impaired insulin response to glucose and hyperlipidaemia. Female monkeys exposed to androgen excess late in gestation mimic these programmed changes, except for LH and insulin secretion defects. In utero androgen excess may thus variably perturb multiple organ system programming and thereby provide a single, fetal origin for a heterogeneous adult syndrome.
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“Fetal, neonatal, prepubertal, and/or pubertal ovaries may be genetically predisposed to increased androgen secretion [100, 101].”
From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Presentation, and Treatment With Emphasis on Adolescent Girls (2019) · cites this paper as [101]
Citations
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InfluentialPolycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hyperandrogenic States
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Abnormal infant islet morphology precedes insulin resistance in PCOS-like monkeys
Nicol, L. E., O’Brien, T. D., Dumesic, D. A., Grogan, T., Tarantal, A. F., & Abbott, D. H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106527 · Cited by 41
“Studies with nonhuman primates (NHP), sheep, rats and mice have suggested an epigenetic mechanism for PCOS based upon in utero exposure of the developing female fetus to androgen excess and associated metabolic consequences [3,4,5,6]; a hypothesis supported by evidence of an altered epigenome in visceral adipose tissu…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialShaaban, Z., Khoradmehr, A., Amiri‐Yekta, A., Nowzari, F., Shirazi, M. R. J., & Tamadon, A. (2021) · Genetics Research · doi:10.1155/2021/7781823 · Cited by 46
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“As was already mentioned, a significant factor in PCOS is hyperandrogenism (6).”
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Transcript abundance of stromal and thecal cell related genes during bovine ovarian development
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“Treating new-born rats with testosterone propionate (TP) or progesterone (P4) resulted in endocrine and histological disorders, similar to those found in women with PCOS syndrome [ 9 ].”
BackgroundA guide to understanding polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Duncan, W. C. (2014) · Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care · doi:10.1136/jfprhc-2012-100505 · Cited by 40
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“showed that pregnant rhesus monkeys receiving daily injections of testosterone propionate at various stages of gestation had androgenized female offspring that demonstrated variable levels of reproductive and metabolic disturbance, consistent with features of PCOS in humans [Reviewed in (Abbott et al., 2005)].”
BackgroundEpigenética del síndrome de ovario poliquístico
Francisca Concha, C., Teresa Sir, P., Recabarren, S. E., & Francisco Pérez, B. (2017) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872017000700907 · Cited by 38
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Cardiometabolic abnormalities in the polycystic ovary syndrome: Pharmacotherapeutic insights
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“the timing and duration of the androgen administration, as well as the amount of hormone administered [4-6].”
BackgroundCHAPTER 10 – Follicular Development: Mouse, Sheep, and Human Models
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“Prenatal exposure to androgens, demonstrated in animal studies (56,57), and in daughters of PCOS mothers (58-60), suggest that these conditions are associated with an adverse metabolic profile during childhood and puberty, similar to that seen in PCOS, and with higher AMH levels.”
BackgroundAndrogen-induced epigenetic modulations in the ovary
Salinas, I., Sinha, N., & Sen, A. (2021) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-20-0578 · Cited by 36
Shah, M. Z. U. H., Soni, M., Shrivastava, V. K., Mir, M. A., & Bashir, S. M. (2022) · Toxicology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.10.009 · Cited by 37
“As was previously stated, hyperandrogenism is a major contributor to PCOS [24].”
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“T-exposed fetal females thus resemble fetal males in precocious development of negative feedback regulation of GnRH/LH [28], likely mediated through de-sensitized estradiol and/or progesterone mediated mechanisms [13, 18, 29, 30].”
BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome and periodontal disease: Underlying links- A review
Tanguturi, S. C., & Nagarakanti, S. (2018) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_577_17 · Cited by 37
“Abbott et al.[28] suggested that the clinical features of PCOS may develop as a consequence of genetically determined hypersecretion of androgens by the ovary.”
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“When these perinatally androgenized daughters reached adulthood, they exhibited phenotypes resembling those of the PCOS consensus and typical symptoms including menstrual irregularities, polycystic ovaries and insulin resistance (Abbott et al. 1998, 2005).”
Rawat, K., Sandhu, A., Gautam, V., Saha, P. K., & Saha, L. (2022) · Molecular Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/molehr/gaac024 · Cited by 34
Kupreeva, M., Diané, A., Lehner, R. S., Watts, R., Ghosh, M., Proctor, S. D., & Vine, D. F. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00018.2018 · Cited by 34
Polycystic ovarian syndrome – prognosis and treatment outcomes
Hart, R. J. (2007) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0b013e3282f10e22 · Cited by 34
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Endometrial Hyperplasia in a Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Arifin, E., Shively, C. A., Register, T. C., & Cline, J. M. (2008) · Veterinary Pathology · doi:10.1354/vp.45-4-512 · Cited by 34
Androgen receptor's destiny in mammalian oocytes: a new hypothesis
Li, M., Schatten, H., & Sun, Q. (2009) · Molecular Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/molehr/gap006 · Cited by 34
“which resemble polycystic ovaries found in women with PCOS (Abbott et al., 2005; Drummond, 2006).”
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Deepika, M., Reddy, K. R., Yashwanth, A. L., Rani, V. U., Latha, K. P., & Jahan, P. (2013) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-013-0080-4 · Cited by 33
“Furthermore, studies have also demonstrated that high lipid and low-fiber diet is related to an increased androgen circulating levels leading to hyperandrogenism; a factor involved in the causation of PCOS [39].”
BackgroundExperimental models of polycystic ovary syndrome: An update
Divyashree, S., Janhavi, P., Veeranna, R. P., & Peddha, M. S. (2019) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116911 · Cited by 33
Recent advances in mammalian reproductive biology
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Yıldız, B. O., & Azziz, R. (2009) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.03.058 · Cited by 33
Early prenatal androgenization results in diminished ovarian reserve in adult female rhesus monkeys
Dumesic, D. A., Patankar, M. S., Barnett, D. K., Lesnick, T. G., Hutcherson, B. A., & Abbott, D. H. (2009) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dep324 · Cited by 33
The epigenomics of polycystic ovarian syndrome: from pathogenesis to clinical manifestations
Li, S., Zhu, D., Duan, H., & Tan, Q. (2016) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2016.1203409 · Cited by 32
“The genetic (nature) and nongenetic (nurture) involvements in the expression of PCOS have been demonstrated by twin and family studies with estimated heritability as high as over 60% [2] and by animal studies showing PCOS-like phenotypes including ovarian dysfunction, induced by prenatal exposure to excessive androgen…”
BackgroundDevelopmental Programming of Ovarian Functions and Dysfunctions
Puttabyatappa, M., & Padmanabhan, V. (2018) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.017 · Cited by 32
Makolle, S., Catteau-Jonard, S., Robin, G., & Dewailly, D. (2021) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/deab024 · Cited by 32
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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) trilogy: a translational and clinical review
Mason, H. D., Colao, A., Blume‐Peytavi, U., Rice, S., Qureshi, A., Pellatt, L. J., Orio, F., & Atkin, S. L. (2008) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03329.x · Cited by 33
Smith, A. S., Birnie, A. K., & French, J. A. (2009) · General and Comparative Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2009.10.008 · Cited by 31
“PCOS women give birth to babies who are more likely to be small-for-gestational-age than babies from normal mothers (Homburg, 2006) and have increased abdominal fat in later life (Abbott et al., 2005).”
BackgroundPrenatal programming of neuroendocrine reproductive function
Evans, N. P., Bellingham, M., & Robinson, J. E. (2016) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2016.04.047 · Cited by 34
Telomeric repeat‐containing RNA ( TERRA ) related to polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS )
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“Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), characterized by ovarian dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology in women of childbearing age, leads to excessive levels of male hormones, a condition called hyperandrogenism (Franks, 1995; Abbott et al., 2005; Azziz et al., 2005; Goodarzi et al., 2011), and children from PCOS…”
BackgroundThe obesogen tributyltin induces features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a review
Merlo, E., Silva, I. V., Cardoso, R. C., & Graceli, J. B. (2018) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B · doi:10.1080/10937404.2018.1496214 · Cited by 32
“Hyperandrogenism is the most consistent endocrine perturbation detected in PCOS (Abbott et al. 2005).”
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Prenatal Testosterone Exposure Worsen the Reproductive Performance of Male Rat at Adulthood
Tehrani, F. R., Noroozzadeh, M., Zahediasl, S., Ghasemi, A., Piryaei, A., & Azizi, F. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071705 · Cited by 31
“induced reproductive disorders in female rats [3,15].”
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Hormone Therapy in Adults: Suggested Revisions to the Sixth Version of the Standards of Care
Feldman, J., & Safer, J. D. (2009) · International Journal of Transgenderism · doi:10.1080/15532730903383757 · Cited by 31
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“Similar to our finding in this study, insulin resistance has previously been reported in monkey, sheep and rat models of PCOS [10, 16, 20].”
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Fetal androgen exposure is a determinant of adult male metabolic health
Siemienowicz, K. J., Filis, P., Shaw, S., Douglas, A., Thomas, J. L., Mulroy, S., Howie, F. A., Fowler, P., Duncan, W. C., & Rae, M. T. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56790-4 · Cited by 28
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Androgens Regulate Ovarian Gene Expression Through Modulation of Ezh2 Expression and Activity
Ma, X., Hayes, E. T., Biswas, A., Seger, C., Prizant, H., Hammes, S. R., & Sen, A. (2017) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2017-00145 · Cited by 28
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“The disruption of reproductive physiology by excess prenatal testosterone during a critical period of fetal or neonatal life has been demonstrated in several species, including guinea pig [4], rat [5], sheep [6–9], rhesus macaque [10, 11], and human [12].”
BackgroundDevelopmental androgen excess disrupts reproduction and energy homeostasis in adult male mice
Nohara, K., Liu, S., Meyers, M. S., Waget, A., Ferron, M., Karsenty, G., Burcelin, R., & Mauvais-Jarvis, F. (2013) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/joe-13-0230 · Cited by 28
“…most common endocrine disorder in females of reproductive age and is believed to have a developmental origin in which maternal and fetal androgen excess during pregnancy programs both the reproductive and metabolic abnormalities of the offspring (Abbott et al. 2005, Xita & Tsatsoulis 2006, 2010).”
Moreira, R. P. P., Villares, S. M., Madureira, G., Mendonca, B. B., & Bachega, T. A. S. S. (2013) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000353762 · Cited by 29
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“PCOS is known to have strong familial clustering, demonstrated in identical twin studies, exhibiting a heritable element, with hyperandrogenism the most heritable trait [2, 3].”
BackgroundCowell, W., Jacobson, M. H., Long, S. E., Wang, Y., Kahn, L. G., Ghassabian, A., Naidu, M., Torshizi, G. D., Afanasyeva, Y., Liu, M., et al. (2023) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2023.107922 · Cited by 26
The ratio of anterior anogenital distance to posterior anogenital distance
ŞİMŞİR, Ç., Pekcan, M. K., Aksoy, R. T., Ecemiş, T., Çoşkun, B., Kilic, S. H., & Tokmak, A. (2019) · Journal of the Chinese Medical Association · doi:10.1097/jcma.0000000000000150 · Cited by 26
“PCOS was diagnosed based on Rotterdam criteria15 in the presence of at least two of the following: (1) oligomenorrhea and/or anovulation, (2) biochemical and/or clinical hyperandrogenism, (3) ultrasound detection of polycystic ovaries (PCO) (multiple cysts >12 in number of 2-9 mm size) along with exclusion of other et…”
MethodIndustrial endocrine disruptors and polycystic ovary syndrome
Palioura, E., & Diamanti‐Kandarakis, E. (2013) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03346762 · Cited by 27
Benrick, A., Pillon, N. J., Nilsson, E., Lindgren, E., Krook, A., Ling, C., & Stener‐Victorin, E. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaa165 · Cited by 26
“For example, androgen exposure during fetal life leads to epigenetic reprograming, which in adulthood might lead to the development of PCOS (8, 9) A hallmark of PCOS is hyperinsulinemia, and these women typically exhibit decreased insulin sensitivity and decreased whole-body glucose uptake, which…”
BackgroundAssessment of antioxidant status of women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Oyebanji, O., & Asaolu, M. F. (2020) · Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction · doi:10.4103/2305-0500.275523 · Cited by 24
“Also, disruption of ovulatory function (anovulation) in PCOS may result from both altered steroid negative feedback regulation of luteinizing hormone and the compensatory hyperinsulinemia caused by insulin resistance[4].”
BackgroundHager, M., Ott, J., Marschalek, J., Marschalek, M., Kinsky, C., Marculescu, R., & Dewailly, D. (2022) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/s12958-022-00961-y · Cited by 24
“In detail, these modulations could affect granulosa cells by means of their richness and/or affinity of FSH and/ or androgen receptors [35, 36].”
BackgroundRodriguez, K. F., Brown, P. R., Amato, C. M., Nicol, B., Liu, C., Xu, X. M., & Yao, H. H. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-31486-y · Cited by 24
Nisa, K. U., Tarfeen, N., Mir, S. A., Waza, A. A., Ahmad, M. B., & Ganai, B. A. (2023) · Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s12291-023-01130-7 · Cited by 28
“Also, increased LH surge results in the follicular arrest at preantral and antral stages leading to hyperplasia of theca cells and the development of multiple follicles along the periphery of ovary [50].”
Genetic approaches to polycystic ovarian syndrome
Menke, M., & Strauss, J. F. (2007) · Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/gco.0b013e328220e877 · Cited by 24
Lujan, M. E., Podolski, A. J., Chizen, D. R., Lehotay, D. C., & Pierson, R. A. (2010) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/1477-7827-8-156 · Cited by 24
Valdimarsdottir, R., Valgeirsdottir, H., Wikström, A., Kallak, T. K., Elenis, E., Axelssön, O., Ubhayasekhera, K., Bergquist, J., Piltonen, T., Pigny, P., et al. (2019) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2019.02.004 · Cited by 25
Obesity in Adolescent Girls: Is Excess Androgen the Real Bad Actor?
Marshall, J. C. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2665 · Cited by 24
“In both sheep and monkeys, exposure to high levels of androgen in utero led to abnormalities of LH secretion during subsequent puberty, with elevated plasma LH, persistently rapid GnRH frequency, and impaired ovarian steroid feedback (21, 22).”
BackgroundTzalazidis, R., & Oinonen, K. A. (2020) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2020.1726273 · Cited by 23
Chappell, N. R., Barsky, M., Shah, J. S., Peavey, M. C., Yang, L., Sangi‐Haghpeykar, H., Gibbons, W. E., & Blesson, C. S. (2020) · F&S Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xfre.2020.05.006 · Cited by 23
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Demirci, C., & Witchel, S. F. (2008) · Dermatologic Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8019.2008.00216.x · Cited by 22
“Data supporting this mechanism are derived from studies involving nonhuman primates in which prenatal androgen treatment was associated with postnatal hyperandrogenism, oligo-ovulation, and polycystic ovaries (33).”
BackgroundPolycystic ovary syndrome: Recent research and therapeutic advancements
Dilliyappan, S., Kumar, A. S., Venkatesalu, S., Palaniyandi, T., Baskar, G., Sivaji, A., Rab, S. O., Saeed, M., & Shivaranjani, K. S. (2024) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2024.123221 · Cited by 26
Shah, M. Z. U. H., Shrivastava, V. K., Sofi, S., Jamous, Y. F., Khan, M. F., Alkholifi, F. K., Ahmad, W., & Mir, M. A. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11030900 · Cited by 23
Biancardi, M. F., Perez, A. P., Góes, R. M., Santos, F. C., Vilamaior, P. S. L., & Taboga, S. R. (2012) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1258/ebm.2012.012051 · Cited by 22
Fernández, A. F., Toraño, E. G., Urdinguio, R. G., Lana, A. G., Arnott, I., & Fraga, M. F. (2014) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0820-2_6 · Cited by 22
Ovarian Androgens Maintain High GnRH Neuron Firing Rate in Adult Prenatally-Androgenized Female Mice
Dulka, E. A., Burger, L. L., & Moenter, S. M. (2019) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqz038 · Cited by 22
Hatanaka, Y., Wada, K., & Kabuta, T. (2015) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2015.04.008 · Cited by 23
Schweighofer, N., Lerchbaum, E., Trummer, O., Schwetz, V., Pilz, S., Pieber, T. R., & Obermayer-Pietsch, B. M. (2012) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.04.050 · Cited by 22
Pangas, S. A., & Rajkovic, A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397175-3.00021-1 · Cited by 22
Brown, E. C. Z., Steadman, C. J., Lee, T. M., Padmanabhan, V., Lehman, M. N., & Coolen, L. M. (2015) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12871 · Cited by 21
“…and behavior have been documented in several species including rat (Wolf et al., 2002; Wu et al., 2010), rhesus macaque (Goy et al., 1988; Abbott et al., 2005), human (Merke & Bornstein, 2005) and sheep (Wood & Foster, 1998; Robinson et al., 2002; Padmanabhan et al., 2006; Bormann et…”
BackgroundPathology of hyperandrogenemia in the oocyte of polycystic ovary syndrome
Chappell, N. R., Gibbons, W. E., & Blesson, C. S. (2022) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2022.108989 · Cited by 23
Cellular and Animal Studies: Insights into Pathophysiology and Therapy of PCOS
Indran, I. R., Lee, B. H., & Yong, E. (2016) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.03.006 · Cited by 21
Abbott, D. H., Vepraskas, S., Horton, T. H., Terasawa, E., & Levine, J. E. (2018) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000490570 · Cited by 21
Foetal Sonographic Anogenital Distance Is Longer in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Mothers
Perlman, S., Toledano, Y., Kivilevitch, Z., Halevy, N., Rubin, E., & Gilboa, Y. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9092863 · Cited by 20
“Although the aetiology of PCOS is unclear, prenatal exposure to androgen hormones is considered an important factor in the development of this metabolic reproductive endocrine disorder [34,35].”
BackgroundTam, N. Y.-K., Lai, K. P., & Kong, R. Y. C. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149913 · Cited by 20
Gregoraszczuk, E. Ł., & Rak, A. (2013) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-12-0269 · Cited by 20
“…both clinical and animal studies suggests that PCOS is a developmental syndrome that manifests in adolescence and adulthood, in which exposure to excess androgens during the fetal or prepubertal phases of growth essentially ‘reprograms’ multiple tissues (Abbott et al. 2005, Xita & Tsatsoulis 2009).”
BackgroundEarly onset adiposity: a pathway to polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents?
Diamanti‐Kandarakis, E., Christakou, C. D., Kandaraki, E., & Alexandraki, K. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 20
Jahromi, M. S., Tehrani, F. R., Noroozzadeh, M., Zarkesh, M., Ghasemi, A., & Zadeh–Vakili, A. (2016) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.067 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Abbott, D. H., Barnett, D. K., Bruns, C. M., & Dumesic, D. A.
- Corresponding author
- Abbott, D.H.
- Venue
- Human Reproduction Update
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2005-07-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 357-374
- ISSN
- 1355-4786 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2369
- OpenAlex
- W2123009569
- Cited by
- 555
- References
- 231
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 4.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Human Reproduction Update (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5u01hd044650-05)
- National Institute on Aging (T32AG000268)
- National Center for Research Resources (R01RR013635, R21RR014093, P51RR000167)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD044405, U01-HD044650)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Keywords
- polycystic ovary syndrome, hyperandrogenism, fetal programming, developmental origins of health and disease, rhesus monkeys, prenatal androgen exposure, ovulatory dysfunction, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia
- MeSH terms
- Androgens, Animals, Female, Genitalia, Female, Humans, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Hyperandrogenism
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