The DOI matches its Crossref record; 37 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is usually based on trials where patients are randomized individually into two different, parallel, treatment groups. This paper concentrates on RCTs of a different design-two-period, two-treatment cross-over trials. METHODS: The characteristics of these trials are outlined, with detailed examples of methods for analysis for both continuous and binary data. These case studies are then extended into the context of a meta-analysis. The Cochrane Library was surveyed to assess current practice for synthesis. RESULTS: Methods are described for continuous and binary data for use both when the necessary paired data are given and also when they need to be calculated or imputed, and some suggestions are provided to help people wishing to synthesize data from cross-over trials into meta-analyses. The survey suggested that about 8% of the trials in the Cochrane library were cross-over trials and 18% of the reviews referred to such trials, although there was no consistent approach to their inclusion into the reviews. CONCLUSIONS: Methods do exist for including valuable information from two-period, two-treatment cross-over trials into quantitative reviews. However, poor reporting of cross-over trials will often impede attempts to perform a meta-analysis using the available methods.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In such cases, a conservative correlation value of 0.5 is commonly used (80).”
From Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise and net skeletal muscle glycogen utilization: A meta-analysis. (2026) · cites this paper as [80]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Since all included studies utilised a cross-over design, dependency was accounted for when computing sampling variance using previously described methods [49].”
From The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [49]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“cross-over trials are not appropriate if the condition of interest is unstable (Elbourne 2002).”
From Compulsory community and involuntary outpatient treatment for people with severe mental disorders. (2017) · cites this paper as Elbourne 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For the implementation of cross-over trials in the meta-analysis, we used the method according to Becker/Balagtas [34]. This method ensures that no participants were counted double in the meta-analysis.”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In order to include cross-over trials in our trials using the method by Becker/Balagtas, OR was used to provide a stable effects measure [34].”
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Non-daily vs. daily statin dosing resulted in an OR of 0.58 (95% CI 0.23–1.43). [34,51,52].”
From Safety outcomes of statin vs non-statin lipid-lowering interventions in patients with prior statin-associated muscle symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
3 retracted
Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects
Needleman, I. G., Worthington, H. V., Giedrys‐Leeper, E., & Tucker, R. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001724.pub2 · Cited by 372
Self-citationRetractedOpioids for the palliation of breathlessness in advanced disease and terminal illness.
Jennings, A. L., Davies, A. N., Higgins, J. P. T., Anzures‐Cabrera, J., & Broadley, K. E. (2001) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002066 · Cited by 190
Self-citationRetractedDehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation for cognitive function.
Huppert, F., & Van Niekerk, J. (2001) · The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000304 · Cited by 88
RetractedWasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., & Altman, D. G. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)04337-3 · Cited by 5,373
Self-citationSystematic Reviews in Health Care : Meta-Analysis in Context
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., & Altman, D. G. (2000) · Cited by 2,312
Self-citationDeeks, J. J., Altman, D. G., & Bradburn, M. J. (2001) · Systematic Reviews in Health Care · doi:10.1002/9780470693926.ch15 · Cited by 2,163
Self-citationSmithson, M. J. (2000) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781446218525 · Cited by 1,871
Modern Epidemiology 3rd edition
Rothman, K. J., Lash, T. L., & Greenland, S. (1986) · Cited by 1,736
Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta‐Analysis in Context
(2001) · doi:10.1002/9780470693926 · Cited by 1,693
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Daya S. Differences between crossover and parallel study designs—debate? Fertil Steril1999;71:771–72.
- Morris JA, Gardner MJ. Epidemiological studies. In: Altman DG, Machin D, Bryant TN, Gardner MJ (eds). Statistics with Confidence. 2nd Edn. London: BMJ Books, 2000, pp.57–72.
- Jennings AL, Davies A, Higgins JPT, Broadley K. Opioids for the palliation of breathlessness in terminal illness (Cochrane review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2001. Oxford: Update Software, 2001.
- Cochrane Collaboration. The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software, 2001.
- Smyth A, Walters S. Prophylactic antibiotics for cystic fibrosis (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2001. Oxford: Update Software. Updated quarterly.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 1,007
Short term ambulatory oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Bradley, J., & O'Neill, B. M. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004356.pub2 · Cited by 84
Trimetazidine for stable angina
Ciapponi, A., Pizarro, R., & Harrison, J. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003614.pub2 · Cited by 84
RetractedAripiprazole for autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
Ching, H., & Pringsheim, T. M. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009043.pub2 · Cited by 83
Deep brain and cortical stimulation for epilepsy
Sprengers, M., Vonck, K. E. J., Carrette, E., Marson, A. G., & Boon, P. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008497.pub2 · Cited by 83
Roy, A., Roy, M., Deb, S., Unwin, G., & Roy, A. (2015) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12122 · Cited by 82
Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon
Ennis, H., Hughes, M., Anderson, M., Wilkinson, J., & Herrick, A. L. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002069.pub5 · Cited by 81
Schneider‐Thoma, J., Efthimiou, O., Huhn, M., Krause, M., Reichelt, L., Röder, H., Davis, J. M., Salanti, G., & Leucht, S. (2018) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(18)30177-9 · Cited by 83
Dornase alfa for cystic fibrosis
Yang, C. L., & Montgomery, M. D. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001127.pub5 · Cited by 82
Positive expiratory pressure physiotherapy for airway clearance in people with cystic fibrosis
McIlwaine, M. P., Button, B., & Nevitt, S. J. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003147.pub5 · Cited by 82
Acupuncture for autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
Cheuk, D. K., Wong, V. C. N., & Chen, W. X. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007849.pub2 · Cited by 84
Adjusting the pH of lidocaine for reducing pain on injection
Cepeda, M. S., Tzortzopoulou, A., Thackrey, M., Hudcova, J., Gandhi, P. A., & Schumann, R. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006581.pub3 · Cited by 81
RetractedAlabed, S., Cabello, J. B., Irving, G. J., Qintar, M., & Burls, A. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010652.pub2 · Cited by 83
Nonlatex versus latex male condoms for contraception
Gallo, M. F., Grimes, D. A., Lopez, L. M., & Schulz, K. F. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003550.pub2 · Cited by 81
Jones, C. A., Hacker, D., Meaden, A., Cormac, I., Irving, C. B., Xia, J., Zhao, S., Shi, C., & Chen, J. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008712.pub3 · Cited by 85
Phillips, L., & Appleton, R. E. (2004) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2004.tb00998.x · Cited by 81
Dietary Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-analysis
Fraguas, D., Díaz-Caneja, C. M., Pina-Camacho, L., Moreno, C., Durán-Cutilla, M., Ayora, M., González-Vioque, E., de Matteis, M., Hendren, R. L., Arango, C., et al. (2019) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2018-3218 · Cited by 80
Pharmacotherapy for sleep bruxism
Macedo, C. R., de Macedo, E. C., Torloni, M. R., Silva, A. B., & do Prado, G. F. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005578.pub2 · Cited by 80
Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy
Reid, S. M., Middleton, P., Cossich, M. C., & Crowther, C. A. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007752.pub2 · Cited by 83
Cognitive rehabilitation for people with mild to moderate dementia
Kudlicka, A., Martyr, A., Bahar‐Fuchs, A., Sabatés, J., Woods, B. T., & Clare, L. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013388.pub2 · Cited by 95
Fisher, S. A., Brunskill, S. J., Doree, C. J., Gooding, S., Chowdhury, O., & Roberts, D. J. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004450.pub3 · Cited by 79
Qi, H., Chen, X., Yan, H., & Ma, J. (2010) · Peritoneal Dialysis International · doi:10.3747/pdi.2009.00264 · Cited by 79
Triclosan/copolymer containing toothpastes for oral health
Riley, P., & Lamont, T. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010514.pub2 · Cited by 79
The efficacy of HER2-targeted agents in metastatic breast cancer: a meta-analysis
Harris, C. A., Ward, R. L., Dobbins, T., Drew, A. K., & Pearson, S. (2010) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq593 · Cited by 78
Roberts, C. A., Jones, A., Sumnall, H., Gage, S. H., & Montgomery, C. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.07.002 · Cited by 78
Mejía, S., Duerr, F. M., Griffenhagen, G. M., & McGrath, S. (2021) · Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association · doi:10.5326/jaaha-ms-7119 · Cited by 78
Effects of Cannabis in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Urbi, B., Corbett, J., Hughes, I. P., Owusu, M. A., Thorning, S., Broadley, S., Sabet, A., & Heshmat, S. (2021) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-212923 · Cited by 80
Pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with co-morbid drug dependence
Cunill, R., Castells, X., Tobias, A., & Capellà, D. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114544777 · Cited by 78
Aerosolized diuretics for preterm infants with (or developing) chronic lung disease
Brion, L. P., Primhak, R. A., & Yong, W. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001694.pub2 · Cited by 78
Rouhani, M. H., Fard, N. R. P., Salehi‐Abargouei, A., Karimi, M., & Haghighatdoost, F. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2017.1366878 · Cited by 78
Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia
Komossa, K., Rummel‐Kluge, C., Schmid, F., Hunger, H., Schwarz, S., El-Sayeh, H. G. G., Kissling, W., & Leucht, S. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006569.pub3 · Cited by 79
Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) for periodontal tissue regeneration in intrabony defects
Esposito, M. A., Grusovin, M. G., Coulthard, P., & Worthington, H. V. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003875.pub2 · Cited by 78
Self-citationQuan, L., Xu, X., Cui, Y., Han, H., Hendren, R. L., Zhao, L., & You, X. (2021) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuab073 · Cited by 77
Enzyme replacement therapy with idursulfase for mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome)
da Silva, E. M., Strufaldi, M. W. L., Andriolo, R. B., & Silva, L. A. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008185.pub4 · Cited by 77
Replacement versus repair of defective restorations in adults: resin composite
Sharif, M. O., Catleugh, M., Merry, A., Tickle, M., Dunne, S. M., Brunton, P. A., Aggarwal, V. R., & Chong, L. Y. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005971.pub3 · Cited by 77
Deferasirox for managing iron overload in people with thalassaemia
Bollig, C., Schell, L. K., Rücker, G., Allert, R., Motschall, E., Niemeyer, C. M., Bassler, D., & Meerpohl, J. J. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007476.pub3 · Cited by 77
Chang, C. C., Cheng, A. C., & Chang, A. B. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006088.pub4 · Cited by 77
Omega-3 fatty acids (from fish oils) for cystic fibrosis
Beckles-Willson, N., Elliott, T., & Everard, M. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002201 · Cited by 77
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute treatment of episodic tension-type headache in adults
Stephens, G., Derry, S., & Moore, A. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011889.pub2 · Cited by 80
Siafis, S., Çıray, R. O., Schneider‐Thoma, J., Bighelli, I., Krause, M., Rodolico, A., Ceraso, A., Deste, G., Huhn, M., Fraguas, D., et al. (2020) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-020-00372-z · Cited by 76
Vu, L., Soraperra, I., Leib, M., van der Weele, J. J., & Shalvi, S. (2023) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000398 · Cited by 87
Antidepressants versus placebo for panic disorder in adults
Bighelli, I., Castellazzi, M., Cipriani, A., Girlanda, F., Guaiana, G., Koesters, M., Turrini, G., Furukawa, T. A., & Barbui, C. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010676.pub2 · Cited by 79
Fleming, P. S., Johal, A., & Pandis, N. (2012) · American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics · doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.02.023 · Cited by 75
Carbohydrate Ingestion during Endurance Exercise Improves Performance in Adults1,2
Temesi, J., Johnson, N. A., Raymond, J., Burdon, C. A., & O'Connor, H. T. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.137075 · Cited by 76
Panth, N., Abbott, K. A., Dias, C. B., Wynne, K., & Garg, M. L. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy167 · Cited by 81
Liu, Y., Gu, Z., Wang, Y., Wu, Q. H., Chen, V., Xu, X., & Zhou, X. (2018) · International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry · doi:10.1111/ipd.12430 · Cited by 87
Oxycodone for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults
Gaskell, H., Moore, R. A., Derry, S., & Stannard, C. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010692.pub2 · Cited by 76
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain in women with endometriosis
Allen, C., Hopewell, S., Prentice, A., & Gregory, D. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004753.pub3 · Cited by 75
Lin, M., Lin, H.-H., Lee, P., Weng, P., Lee, C., Lai, T.-C., Liu, W., & Chen, C. (2014) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-014-1082-x · Cited by 76
Martí-Carvajal, A. J., Solà, I., González, L. E., de Gonzalez, G. L., & Malagón, N. R. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007539.pub2 · Cited by 74
Petsky, H., Kynaston, Li, A., Turner, C. T., & Chang, A. B. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005603 · Cited by 74
Antidepressants for the treatment of depression in people with cancer
Vita, G., Compri, B., Matcham, F., Barbui, C., & Ostuzzi, G. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011006.pub4 · Cited by 73
Lee, T. H., Kuo, G. C., Chang, C., Huang, Y., Yen, C., Lee, C., Fan, P., & Chen, J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260312 · Cited by 77
Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Williams, T., Phillips, N. J., Stein, D. J., & Ipser, J. C. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002795.pub3 · Cited by 96
Oxygen therapy for cystic fibrosis
Elphick, H., & Mallory, G. B. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003884.pub4 · Cited by 73
Anticholinergics for urinary symptoms in multiple sclerosis
Nicholas, R. S., Friede, T., Hollis, S., & Young, C. A. (2009) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004193.pub2 · Cited by 73
RetractedNebulised hypertonic saline for cystic fibrosis
Wark, P. A. B., McDonald, V. M., & Jones, A. P. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001506.pub2 · Cited by 73
Cooper, R. E., Tye, C., Kuntsi, J., Vassos, E., & Asherson, P. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.053 · Cited by 73
Pharmacological interventions for preventing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Amos, T., Stein, D. J., & Ipser, J. C. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006239.pub2 · Cited by 169
New generation antidepressants for depression in children and adolescents: a network meta-analysis
Hetrick, S. E., Meader, N., Bailey, A. P., Badcock, P. B., Moller, C. I., Cox, G., Merry, S., & McKenzie, J. E. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013674 · Cited by 73
Malhotra, A., Shafiq, N., Arora, A., Singh, M., Kumar, R., & Malhotra, S. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001918.pub3 · Cited by 72
Positioning for acute respiratory distress in hospitalised infants and children
Gillies, D. M., Wells, D., & Bhandari, A. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003645.pub3 · Cited by 72
Matino, D., Makris, M., Dwan, K. M., D’Amico, R., & Iorio, A. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004449.pub4 · Cited by 72
The effect of alpha-linolenic acid on glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes
Jovanovski, E., Li, D., Ho, H. V. T., Djedovic, V., Marques, A. D. C. R., Shishtar, E., Mejía, S. B., Sievenpiper, J. L., de Souza, R. J., Duvnjak, L. S., et al. (2017) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000006531 · Cited by 77
Paroxetine versus other anti-depressive agents for depression
Purgato, M., Papola, D., Gastaldon, C., Trespidi, C., Magni, L. R., Rizzo, C., Furukawa, T. A., Watanabe, N., Cipriani, A., & Barbui, C. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006531.pub2 · Cited by 73
Pregabalin add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy
Pulman, J., Hemming, K., & Marson, A. G. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005612.pub3 · Cited by 72
Shengmai (a traditional Chinese herbal medicine) for heart failure
Chen, J., Yao, Y., Chen, H., Kwong, J. S., & Chen, J. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005052.pub4 · Cited by 72
RetractedHaloperidol for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation (rapid tranquillisation)
Powney, M. J., Adams, C. E., & Jones, H. G. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009377.pub2 · Cited by 73
Sin, J., Spain, D., Furuta, M., Murrells, T., & Norman, I. J. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011464.pub2 · Cited by 77
Supportive therapy for schizophrenia
Buckley, L. A., Maayan, N., Soares‐Weiser, K., & Adams, C. E. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004716.pub4 · Cited by 72
Duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy in people with cystic fibrosis
Plummer, A., Wildman, M. J., & Gleeson, T. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006682.pub5 · Cited by 71
Arnold, J. B., Wong, D. X., Jones, R. K., Hill, C. L., & Thewlis, D. (2015) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22797 · Cited by 71
Sumatriptan plus naproxen for the treatment of acute migraine attacks in adults
Law, S., Derry, S., & Moore, R. A. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008541.pub3 · Cited by 73
Rapamycin and rapalogs for tuberous sclerosis complex
Sasongko, T. H., Ismail, N. F. D., & Zabidi-Hussin, Z. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011272.pub2 · Cited by 71
Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy for people with cystic fibrosis
Somaraju, U. R., & Solís-Moya, A. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008227.pub3 · Cited by 71
Topical anaesthesia for needle-related pain in newborn infants
Foster, J. P., Taylor, C. M., & Spence, K. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010331.pub2 · Cited by 70
Client feedback in psychological therapy for children and adolescents with mental health problems
Bergman, H., Kornør, H., Nikolakopoulou, A., Hanssen‐Bauer, K., Soares‐Weiser, K., Tollefsen, T. K., & Bjørndal, A. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011729.pub2 · Cited by 74
Interventions for preventing high altitude illness: Part 1. Commonly-used classes of drugs
Estrada, V. H. N., Molano-Franco, D., Medina, R. D., Garay, A. G. G., Martí-Carvajal, A. J., & Arévalo-Rodríguez, I. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009761.pub2 · Cited by 70
Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses
Tungpunkom, P., & Nicol, M. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000381.pub2 · Cited by 70
Petsky, H., Kynaston, J. A., Turner, C., Li, A., Cates, C. J., Lasserson, T. J., & Chang, A. B. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005603.pub2 · Cited by 70
Exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome
Larun, L., Brurberg, K. G., Odgaard-Jensen, J., & Price, J. R. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003200.pub3 · Cited by 69
Juul, S., Nielsen, N., Bentzer, P., Veroniki, A. A., Thabane, L., Linder, A., Klingenberg, S. L., Gluud, C. N., & Jakobsen, J. C. (2020) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01371-0 · Cited by 71
Semnani‐Azad, Z., Khan, T. A., Chiavaroli, L., Chen, V., Bhatt, H. A., Chen, A., Chiang, N., Oguntala, J. O., Kabisch, S., Lau, D. C. W., et al. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-082007 · Cited by 93
Family intervention (brief) for schizophrenia
Okpokoro, U., Adams, C. E., & Sampson, S. J. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009802.pub2 · Cited by 72
Waters, V. J., & Ratjen, F. A. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009528.pub4 · Cited by 67
Methadone for neuropathic pain in adults
McNicol, E. D., Ferguson, M. C., & Schumann, R. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012499.pub2 · Cited by 69
The patient’s view on rare disease trial design – a qualitative study
Gaasterland, C. M. W., der Weide, M. C. J., Olthof, M. J. D. P. –., Donk, M., Kaatee, M. M., Kaczmarek, R., Lavery, C., Leeson‐Beevers, K., O’Neill, N., Timmis, O. G., et al. (2019) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-019-1002-z · Cited by 69
Topical antibiotics for chronic suppurative otitis media
Brennan‐Jones, C. G., Head, K., Chong, L., Burton, M. J., Schilder, A. G., & Bhutta, M. F. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013051.pub2 · Cited by 76
Gutsmiedl, K., Krause, M., Bighelli, I., Schneider‐Thoma, J., & Leucht, S. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02514-2 · Cited by 71
Moore, E., FULLER, J. T., Buckley, J. D., Saunders, S., Halson, S. L., Broatch, J. R., & Bellenger, C. R. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01644-9 · Cited by 68
Strategies for using topical corticosteroids in children and adults with eczema
Lax, S. J., Harvey, J., Axon, E., Howells, L., Santer, M., Ridd, M. J., Lawton, S., Langan, S., Roberts, A., Ahmed, A., et al. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013356.pub2 · Cited by 72
Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide) for sickle cell disease
Rankine‐Mullings, A., & Nevitt, S. J. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002202.pub3 · Cited by 73
Pharmacological treatment for Kleine-Levin syndrome
de Oliveira, M. M., Conti, C. F., & do Prado, G. F. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006685.pub4 · Cited by 68
'Human' insulin versus animal insulin in people with diabetes mellitus
Richter, B., & Neises, G. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003816.pub2 · Cited by 68
Haloperidol versus low-potency first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia
Tardy, M., Huhn, M., Kissling, W., Engel, R. R., & Leucht, S. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009268.pub2 · Cited by 70
Chlorpromazine for psychosis induced aggression or agitation
Ahmed, U., Jones, H. G., & Adams, C. E. (2010) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007445.pub2 · Cited by 71
Otasowie, J., Cervelló, X. C., Ehimare, U. P., & Smith, C. S. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006997.pub2 · Cited by 67
Prompts to Encourage Appointment Attendance for People With Serious Mental Illness
Rowett, M., Reda, S., & Makhoul, S. (2010) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq050 · Cited by 68
Homeopathy for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder or hyperkinetic disorder.
Heirs, M. K., & Dean, M. E. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005648.pub2 · Cited by 84
Troiano, G., Russo, L. L., Canullo, L., Ciavarella, D., Muzio, L. L., & Laino, L. (2018) · Journal Of Clinical Periodontology · doi:10.1111/jcpe.12890 · Cited by 68
Benzodiazepines for psychosis-induced aggression or agitation
Gillies, D. M., Sampson, S. J., Beck, A., & Rathbone, J. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003079.pub3 · Cited by 69
Metadata
- Authors
- Elbourne, D. R., Altman, D. G., Higgins, J. P., Curtin, F., Worthington, H. V., & Vail, A.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Merck KGaA, Darmstadt (Germany) (DE)
- University Dental Hospital of Manchester (GB)
- Salford Royal Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Elbourne, Diana R
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-02
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 140-149
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- OpenAlex
- W2130235475
- Cited by
- 2,305
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 116 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 107 · 2019: 111 · 2018: 128 · 2017: 131 · 2016: 145 · 2015: 147 · 2014: 174 · 2013: 135 · 2012: 144
- FWCI
- 47.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- crossover trial, meta-analysis, randomized controlled trials, continuous data, binary data, missing data imputation, trial reporting quality, Cochrane Library
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Review Literature as Topic, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Cross-Over Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
