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China Kadoorie Biobank of 0.5 million people: survey methods, baseline characteristics and long-term follow-up
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Large blood-based prospective studies can provide reliable assessment of the complex interplay of lifestyle, environmental and genetic factors as determinants of chronic disease. METHODS: The baseline survey of the China Kadoorie Biobank took place during 2004-08 in 10 geographically defined regions, with collection of questionnaire data, physical measurements and blood samples. Subsequently, a re-survey of 25,000 randomly selected participants was done (80% responded) using the same methods as in the baseline. All participants are being followed for cause-specific mortality and morbidity, and for any hospital admission through linkages with registries and health insurance (HI) databases. RESULTS: Overall, 512,891 adults aged 30-79 years were recruited, including 41% men, 56% from rural areas and mean age was 52 years. The prevalence of ever-regular smoking was 74% in men and 3% in women. The mean blood pressure was 132/79 mmHg in men and 130/77 mmHg in women. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 23.4 kg/m(2) in men and 23.8 kg/m(2) in women, with only 4% being obese (>30 kg/m(2)), and 3.2% being diabetic. Blood collection was successful in 99.98% and the mean delay from sample collection to processing was 10.6 h. For each of the main baseline variables, there is good reproducibility but large heterogeneity by age, sex and study area. By 1 January 2011, over 10,000 deaths had been recorded, with 91% of surviving participants already linked to HI databases. CONCLUSION: This established large biobank will be a rich and powerful resource for investigating genetic and non-genetic causes of many common chronic diseases in the Chinese population.
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“GWAS using siblings (within-sibship GWAS) (Fig. 2) have been previously limited by available data, but are now feasible by combining well-established family studies with recent large biobanks that incidentally or by design contain thousands of sibships35–39.”
From Within-sibship genome-wide association analyses decrease bias in estimates of direct genetic effects (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
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“Similar initiatives have been conducted in other countries, such as the China Kadoorie Biobank 86 and Biobank Japan 87 .”
From Multimodal biomedical AI (2022) · cites this paper as [86]
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“These biobank efforts, pioneered in studies such as the Framingham Cohort70 and the efforts of DeCODE in Iceland71,72, now encompass a growing inventory of national cohorts in North America, Europe, Asia and beyond73–76.”
From A brief history of human disease genetics (2020) · cites this paper as [76]
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Liu, Q., Guo, Y., Lu, M., Zhou, Y., Gao, X., Tang, X., & Gao, P. (2026) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-026-07192-5
“We performed an external validation of the individual and composite CVD risk factors against the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study 58,59 , a large, independent population-based cohort not used in the data-generation process.”
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Liu, M., Ye, Z., Liu, H., Ma, P., Pang, H., Li, Y., Wang, Q., Shen, Y., Xie, X., & Zhao, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioinformatics · doi:10.3389/fbinf.2026.1782956
Smoking and mortality risk in COPD patients: a prospective cohort study in Sichuan, China
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Alcohol Consumption and Age-Specific Risk of Esophageal Cancer: Prospective Cohort Study
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“…all disease outcomes were coded by trained research staff, and annual active surveillance was performed using residential records, health insurance data, and administrative databases, with additional verification through direct contact with participants or their relatives when necessary [18].”
Clinical analysis of drug treatment trends for coronary heart disease in China
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“At the same time, clinically actionable targets such as PCSK9 and LDLR remain underrepresented (36, 37).”
Zhang, K., Wang, B., Ji, Y., & Jiang, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1887699
“Large cohort platforms such as the China Kadoorie Biobank demonstrate the value of linking population-level exposure data with long-term disease outcomes (39).”
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“During baseline assessments at study clinics, trained health workers administered laptop-based questionnaires collecting data on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, lifestyle factors (including smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and physical activity) and personal and family medical…”
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Hong, X., Shen, Y., Wang, C., Ye, Q., Wang, W., Chen, Y., Xu, H., Wu, J., Lijuan, D., Cheng, X., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyag107
New‐Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cancer Risk: A Matched Cohort Study in China Kadoorie Biobank
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ProLM: a plasma proteomics pretrained model for the general population
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“The CKB is a population-based prospective cohort study designed to investigate the genetic and environmental determinants of common chronicdiseases in the Chinese population 84 .”
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InfluentialSelf-citationZHAO, Y., Ke, Y., Sun, D. J. Y., Pei, P., Yang, L., Millwood, I. Y., Walters, R. G., Chen, Y., Du, H., Chen, J. S., et al. (2026) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-026-03825-w
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Cohort Profile: The Chongqing Multi-Community Cohort (CMCC)
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Self-citationZhu, X., Han, Y., Sun, Q., Zhu, M., Yan, C., Yu, C., Sun, D. J. Y., Pei, P., Jiang, Y., Chen, J., et al. (2026) · Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.eng.2026.07.009
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, Z., Chen, J., Collins, R., Guo, Y., Peto, R., Wu, F., Li, L., & on behalf of the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) collaborative group
- Affiliations
- Chinese Center For Disease Control and Prevention (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Z.
- Li, L.
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-09-21
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1652-1666
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- PMC
- PMC3235021
- OpenAlex
- W2105079646
- Cited by
- 1,034
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 109 · 2025: 122 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 110 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 7.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (088158/Z/09/Z)
- Cancer Research UK
- British Heart Foundation
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Kadoorie Charitable Foundation
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- China Kadoorie Biobank, prospective cohort, biobanks, baseline characteristics, smoking prevalence, blood pressure, body mass index, diabetes prevalence, cause-specific mortality, hospitalization, chronic disease, Chinese adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Blood Pressure, Body Weights and Measures, China, Chronic Disease, Data Collection, Environment, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Genetic Testing, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Residence Characteristics, Rural Population, Sex Factors, Smoking, Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behavior, Body Mass Index, Databases, Factual, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Databases, Genetic
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