Job loss, wealth and depression during the Great Recession in the USA and Europe
Open accessAbstract
AIM: To examine whether late-career job loss increased depression among older workers approaching retirement in the USA and Europe. METHODS: Longitudinal data came from the Health and Retirement Survey and the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe. Workers aged 50 to 64 years in 13 European countries and the USA were assessed biennially from 2006 to 2010. Individual fixed effects models were used to test the effect of job loss on depressive symptoms, controlling for age, sex, physical health, initial wealth and socio-demographic factors. RESULTS: Job loss was associated with a 4.78% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.823% to 8.74%] increase in depressive symptoms in the USA compared with a 3.35% (95% CI: 0.486% to 6.22%) increase in Europe. Job loss due to a worker's unexpected firm closure increased depression scores in both the USA (beta=28.2%, 95% CI: 8.55% to 47.8%) and Europe (beta=7.50%, 95% CI: 1.25% to 13.70%), but pooled models suggested significantly stronger effects for US workers (P<0.001). American workers who were poorer before the recession experienced significantly larger increases in depressive symptoms compared with wealthier US workers (beta for interaction=-0.054, 95% CI: -0.082 to -0.025), whereas pre-existing wealth did not moderate the impact of job loss among European workers. CONCLUSIONS: Job loss is associated with increased depressive symptoms in the USA and Europe, but effects of job loss due to plant closure are stronger for American workers. Wealth mitigates the impact of job loss on depression in the USA more than in Europe.
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Death rates are increased in people with severe mental illness (SMI) relative to the general population, reflected in the 10- to 20-year reduced life expectancy observed.
“Death rates are increased in people with severe mental illness (SMI) relative to the general population, and this is reflected in the 10- to 20-year reduced life expectancy observed.1–3”
From Mortality gap for people with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: UK-based cohort study 2000–2014 (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The Results section reports changes in depression scores after job loss, not death rates among people with severe mental illness. Searches for severe mental illness, mortality relative to the general population, and a 10- to 20-year life-expectancy reduction found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvidence suggests CVD is the leading cause of death in individuals with SMI.
“Evidence suggests CVD is the leading cause of death in individuals with SMI.2,27,28”
From Mortality gap for people with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: UK-based cohort study 2000–2014 (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The Results and Conclusion and policy implications sections discuss job loss and depressive symptoms in US and European workers, not causes of death among people with severe mental illness. Searches for CVD, cardiovascular mortality, and the claim’s wording found no passage in our copy addressing whether CVD is their leading cause of death. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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- Authors
- Riumallo-Herl, C., Basu, S., Stuckler, D., Courtin, E., & Avendano, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ORCID
- Basu, Sanjay
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-06-14
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1508-1517
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- PMC
- PMC4190512
- OpenAlex
- W2116936605
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 54.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- Wellcome Trust (100709)
- European Commission (261982, IAG BSR06-11, QLK6‐CT‐2001‐ 00360, RII-CT- 2006-062193, P01_AG08291, SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, SHARE M4, SHARE-I3, U01 AG09740-13S2, P30 AG12815, CIT5-CT-2005- 028857, R21_AG025169, P01 AG005842, 211909, OGHA 04-064, CIT4-CT-2006-028812, Y1-AG-4553-01, 227822, COMPARE: CIT5‐CT‐2005‐028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006–028812)
- National Institutes of Health (2p30ag012815-16)
- National Institute on Aging (U01 AG09740-13S2, P01 AG005842, P01 AG08291, P30 AG12815, R21 AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG BSR06-11 and OGHA 04-064, OGHA 04- 064, CIT5-CT-2005-028857, IAG BSR06-11 and OGHA 04-064, R01AG037398, U01 AG09740‐13S2, P30AG12815, AG09740, 261982, QLK6-CT-2001-00360, P01AG008291, P30AG012815, R01AG040248, BSR06-11, CIT4-CT-2006-028812, 227822, IAG BSR06- 11, R21AG025169, AG005842, 211909, RII-CT-2006-062193, P01AG005842, U01AG009740, Y1-AG-4553–01)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (263684)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Demography › Retirement, Disability, and Employment
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- job loss, depression, depressive symptoms, Great Recession, older workers, retirement, business closures, plant closures, wealth, socioeconomic status, United States, Europe, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Depression, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Retirement, Socioeconomic Factors, Stress, Psychological, Unemployment, United States, Economic Recession
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