Meat intake and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in two large US prospective cohorts of women and men
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Epidemiological evidence on the associations between meat intake and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was limited and inconsistent. METHODS: We prospectively examined the association between consumption of meats and meat mutagens with HCC risk using data from the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for known liver-cancer risk factors. RESULTS: During up to 32 years of follow-up, we documented 163 incident HCC cases. The HRs of HCC for the highest vs the lowest tertile intake levels were 1.84 (95% CI: 1.16-2.92, Ptrend = 0.04) for processed red meats and 0.61 (95% CI: 0.40-0.91, Ptrend = 0.02) for total white meats. There was a null association between unprocessed red meats and HCC risk (HR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.68-1.63, Ptrend = 0.85). We found both poultry (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.40-0.90, Ptrend = 0.01) and fish (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.47-1.05, Ptrend = 0.10) were inversely associated with HCC risk. The HR for HCC risk was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.61-1.02) when 1 standard deviation of processed red meats was substituted with an equivalent amount of poultry or fish intake. We also found a suggestive positive association of intake of meat-derived mutagenicity or heterocyclic amines with risk of HCC. CONCLUSIONS: Processed red meat intake might be associated with higher, whereas poultry or possibly fish intake might be associated with lower, risk of HCC. Replacing processed red meat with poultry or fish might be associated with reduced HCC risk.
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Prospective studies showed that sugar-sweetened beverages and red meat consumption (unprocessed and processed) were associated with an increased risk of developing MASLD in a dose-dependent manner, liver cancer and liver disease-related mortality.
“With regard to speci fi c nutrients or foods, prospective studies showed that sugar-sweetened beverages and red meat consumption (unprocessed and processed) were associated with an increased risk of developing MASLD (in a dose-dependent manner), 109,110 liver cancer and liver disease-related mortality.”
From EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). (2024) · cites this paper as [111]
The Results (page not provided) report a significant association between processed red meat intake and hepatocellular carcinoma risk, a form of liver cancer. They report no significant association for unprocessed red meat; this paper does not establish the claimed links involving sugar-sweetened beverages, dose-dependent MASLD risk, or liver disease-related mortality. (LLM, conf=0.91)
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- Authors
- Ma, Y., Yang, W., Li, T., Liu, Y., Simon, T. G., Sui, J., Wu, K., Giovannucci, E. L., Chan, A. T., & Zhang, X.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Xuehong
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2019-07-13
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1863-1871
- ISSN
- 0300-5771 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-3685
- PMC
- PMC7967811
- OpenAlex
- W2962246162
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 6.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- International Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Nurses’ Health Study infrastructure (P01 CA87969, UM1 CA167552)
- NIH (K24 DK098311, K07 CA188126)
- American Cancer Society Research Scholar (NEC-130476)
- Boston Nutrition Obesity Research Center Pilot and Feasibility Award
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment and Prognosis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Head and Neck Cancer Studies
- Keywords
- hepatocellular carcinoma, meat consumption, processed red meat, unprocessed red meat, white meat, poultry, fish, heterocyclic amines, dietary substitution, liver cancer risk
- MeSH terms
- Red Meat, Aged, Animals, Diet, Female, Fishes, Follow-Up Studies, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Humans, Liver Neoplasms, Male, Middle Aged, Poultry, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, United States, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk Assessment
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