Potato and french fry consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women
Open accessAbstract
Background Potatoes, a high glycemic form of carbohydrate, are hypothesized to increase insulin resistance and risk of type 2 diabetes.Objective The objective was to examine prospectively the relation between potato consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes.Design We conducted a prospective study of 84,555 women in the Nurses' Health Study. At baseline, the women were aged 34-59 y, had no history of chronic disease, and completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire. The participants were followed for 20 y with repeated assessment of diet.Results We documented 4496 new cases of type 2 diabetes. Potato and french fry consumption were both positively associated with risk of type 2 diabetes after adjustment for age and dietary and nondietary factors. The multivariate relative risk (RR) in a comparison between the highest and the lowest quintile of potato intake was 1.14 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.26; P for trend = 0.009). The multivariate RR in a comparison between the highest and the lowest quintile of french fry intake was 1.21 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.33; P for trend < 0.0001). The RR of type 2 diabetes was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.35) for 1 daily serving of potatoes and 1.16 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.29) for 2 weekly servings of french fries. The RR of type 2 diabetes for substituting 1 serving potatoes/d for 1 serving whole grains/d was 1.30 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.57). The association between potato consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes was more pronounced in obese women.Conclusions Our findings suggest a modest positive association between the consumption of potatoes and the risk of type 2 diabetes in women. This association was more pronounced when potatoes were substituted for whole grains.
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Higher intake of potatoes, including boiled and baked potatoes, is prospectively linked to incidence of diabetes.
“Among those that have, higher intake of potatoes, including boiled and baked potatoes, is prospectively linked to incidence of diabetes”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [146]
Higher intake of potatoes, corn, and peas is linked to greater long-term weight gain.
“while potatoes, corn, and peas are linked to greater long-term weight gain”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [146]
Nonstarchy vegetables are associated with protection against weight gain and diabetes.
“in contrast to nonstarchy vegetables which are associated with protection against weight gain and diabetes.28, 55, 146, 147”
From Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review (2016) · cites this paper as [146]
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“western countries, which generally includes high intakes of red meat, sugary desserts, high fat foods, refined grains and high fat dairy products [41].”
BackgroundPotato Consumption and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results From Three Prospective Cohort Studies
Muraki, I., Rimm, E. B., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Hu, F. B., & Sun, Q. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-0547 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Self-citationBerries as chemopreventive dietary constituents--a mechanistic approach with the ApcMin/+ mouse.
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Impact of potato processing on nutrients, phytochemicals, and human health
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“It also typically contains high-fat dairy products, high-sugar drinks [171] and high intake of processed meat.”
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Self-citationA prospective cohort study of meat and fish consumption and endometriosis risk
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“We estimated the effect of substituting one meat for another by simultaneously including terms for all meats in the samemodel and using the differences between regression coefficients as the estimated substitution effect.(14) To explore if the effect of meat intake was explained by nutrient(s) concentrated in these fo…”
Starchy Carbohydrates in a Healthy Diet: The Role of the Humble Potato
Robertson, T. M., Alzaabi, A., Robertson, M. D., & Fielding, B. A. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111764 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“An association between total potato consumption and risk of developing T2DM has been reported [66,77,78], with the highest risk associated with consumption of French fries.”
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“…of the included studies only assessed fruit and vege-table intake at baseline and not during the follow-up, we also cannot exclude the possibility that participants may have changed their intake over time, however, any regression dilution bias would likely attenuate associations toward the null.”
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Romaguera, D., Ängquist, L. H., Du, H., Jakobsen, M. U., Forouhi, N. G., Halkjær, J., Feskens, E. J. M., van der A, D. L., Masala, G., Steffen, A., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023384 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“For the food groups/items for which we found an association with DWCBMI, we constructed several models to ascertain the effect of substituting one food by one other, as previously described [21].”
MethodPotatoes and risk of chronic disease: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis
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Self-citationAdvanced research on risk factors of type 2 diabetes
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Dietary Predictors of 5-Year Changes in Waist Circumference
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Plasma metabolite profiles related to plant-based diets and the risk of type 2 diabetes
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“A general plant-based diet could encompass unhealthy foods such as refined grains, potatoes and sugar-sweetened beverages, which are associated with higher cardiometabolic risk [36, 37].”
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Self-citationUsing geospatial technologies to explore activity-based retail food environments
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Self-citationAdolescent meat intake and breast cancer risk
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“The RR and the 95%CIs for the substitution effect were derived from difference between the regression coefficients, variances and covariance.(20) In a sensitivity analysis, to determine whether the additional follow-up independently supported the earlier report,(8) the association between total red meat and premenopau…”
ResultSelf-citationHealth‐beneficial properties of potato and compounds of interest
Visvanathan, R., Jayathilake, C., Jayawardana, B. C., & Liyanage, R. (2016) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.7848 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Carbohydrates, Dietary Fiber, and Resistant Starch in White Vegetables: Links to Health Outcomes
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Pre-pregnancy potato consumption and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: prospective cohort study
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Self-citationFiber‐enriched botanicals: A therapeutic tool against certain metabolic ailments
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“According to several prospective studies, there is a relationship between potato consumption and health (Halton et al., 2006).”
BackgroundThompson, M. D., Thompson, H. J., McGinley, J. N., Neil, E. S., Rush, D., Holm, D. G., & Stushnoff, C. (2008) · Journal of Food Composition and Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2008.09.002 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Dynamic Shifts in Chinese Eating Behaviors
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“The difference in their beta coefficients, as well as their variances and covariance, were used to estimate the relative risk and 95% CI for the substitution associations.(31) We also conducted several secondary analyses (see the ‘Methods’ section).”
MethodBa, D. M., Gao, X., Al‐Shaar, L., Muscat, J. E., Chinchilli, V. M., Beelman, R. B., & Richie, J. P. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.07.080 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Maternal diet during pregnancy and islet autoimmunity in offspring
Lamb, M. M., Myers, M. A., Barriga, K. J., Zimmet, P., Rewers, M., & Norris, J. M. (2008) · Pediatric Diabetes · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2007.00311.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“9 servings per month reported by women in the Nurse’s Health Study (26), suggesting that our dietary intake data are in line with other US adult female cohorts.”
ResultInfluentialFarvid, M. S., Malekshah, A. F., Pourshams, A., Poustchi, H., Sepanlou, S. G., Sharafkhah, M., Khoshnia, M., Farvid, M., Abnet, C. C., Kamangar, F., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.10.041 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“The HRs and 95% CIs for the substitution effect were estimated from the difference between the regression coefficients, variances, and covariance.(30) Stata, version 12, was used for all analyses.”
MethodSelf-citationFried potato consumption is associated with elevated mortality: an 8-y longitudinal cohort study
Veronese, N., Stubbs, B., Noale, M., Solmi, M., Vaona, A., Demurtas, J., Nicetto, D., Crepaldi, G., Schofield, P., Koyanagi, A., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.117.154872 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“These findings were confirmed in the Nurses’ Health Study (7).”
Bahadoran, Z., Mirmiran, P., Hosseini‐Esfahani, F., & Azizi, F. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2013.217 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The Potato in the Human Diet: a Complex Matrix with Potential Health Benefits
André, C. M., Legay, S., Iammarino, C., Ziebel, J., Guignard, C., Larondelle, Y., Hausman, J.-F., Evers, D., & Miranda, L. (2014) · Potato Research · doi:10.1007/s11540-015-9287-3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Potato consumption has been suspected of contributing to type 2 diabetes and obesity mainly because of its high carbohydrate levels, presenting high glycemic index (GI) and processing as French fries (Halton et al. 2006).”
BackgroundMaghsoudi, Z., Ghiasvand, R., & Salehi‐Abargouei, A. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015001251 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“‘ Unhealthy ’ dietary patterns are de fi ned by high loadings of red meat, fried and processed foods (26,34) , French fries (35) and sausage, as the major sources of saturated and trans-fatty acid contents (36) , and of foods with high glycaemic index (37) like re fi ned grains (38) , sweets and…”
Marques-Vidal, P. M., Ross, A. B., Wynn, E., Rezzi, S., Paccaud, F. M., & Decarli, B. (2011) · Food & Nutrition Research · doi:10.3402/fnr.v55i0.5905 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“The FFQs allow the estimation of an individual’s usual food consumption over a defined period of time, and might be sufficient for the estimation of relative risks when ranking of food and nutrient intake are sufficient to categorize participants (4, 5).”
BackgroundQuan, W., Zeng, M., Ye, J., Li, Y., Xue, C., Liu, G., Wang, Z., Qin, F., He, Z., & Chen, J. (2020) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmaa184 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Of note, trans-fatty acids, which are generated during the frying process through polymerization, oxidation, and hydrogenation (41), were demonstrated to lead to insulin resistance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes (44).”
BackgroundÅkesson, A., Andersen, L. F., Kristjansdottir, Á. G., Roos, E., Trolle, E., Voutilainen, E., & Wirfält, E. (2013) · Food & Nutrition Research · doi:10.3402/fnr.v57i0.22790 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Exporting Diabetes Mellitus to Asia
Pan, A., Malik, V., & Hu, F. B. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.115923 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes cooking with vegetable oils increase the risk of chronic diseases?: a systematic review
Sayón-Orea, C., Carlos, S., & Martínez‐González, M. Á. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114514002931 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“• Type 2 diabetes mellitus Halton(14)* Salas-Salvado(16)† Mari-Sanchis(17)† Salas-Salvado(18)†”
BackgroundInfluentialEffects of in utero conditions on adult feeding preferences
Portella, A. K., Kajantie, E., Hovi, P., Desai, M., Ross, M. G., Goldani, M. Z., Roseboom, T. J., & Silveira, P. P. (2012) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174412000062 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Dangal, A., Tahergorabi, R., Acharya, D. R., Timsina, P., Rai, K., Dahal, S., Acharya, P., & Giuffrè, A. M. (2024) · European Food Research and Technology · doi:10.1007/s00217-024-04482-3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Lamichhane, A. P., Liese, A. D., Urbina, E. M., Crandell, J., Jaacks, L. M., Dabelea, D., Black, M. H., Merchant, A. T., & Mayer‐Davis, E. J. (2014) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.96 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Trans fatty acids, insulin resistance and diabetes
Thompson, A. K., Minihane, A.-M., & Williams, C. M. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.240 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“A recent study using data from the Nurses’ Health Study has found a significant relationship between potato consumption and diabetes, even after adjusting for the standard factors including fiber, TFA and SFA consumption (Halton et al., 2006).”
MethodTFOS Lifestyle: Impact of nutrition on the ocular surface
Markoulli, M. P., Ahmad, S., Arcot, J., Arita, R., Benitez-del-Castillo, J., Caffery, B. E., Downie, L. E., Edwards, K. P., Flanagan, J., Labétoulle, M., et al. (2023) · The Ocular Surface · doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2023.04.003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The scientific basis for healthful carbohydrate profile
Lamothe, L., Lê, K., Samra, R., Roger, O., Green, H., & Macé, K. (2019) · Critical reviews in food science and nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2017.1392287 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Dietary interventions for better management of osteoporosis: An overview
Guo, D., Zhao, M., Xu, W., He, H., Li, B., & Hou, T. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1944975 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Additionally, the daily intake of cola was associated with low BMD in women (Tucker et al. 2006).”
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Fructose-Containing Sugars, Blood Pressure, and Cardiometabolic Risk: A Critical Review
Ha, V., Jayalath, V. H., Cozma, A. I., Mirrahimi, A., de Souza, R. J., & Sievenpiper, J. L. (2013) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-013-0364-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“SSBs is also associated with a higher intake of red meat, processed meat, refined grains, french fries, sweets and desserts, each of which individually have been shown to lead to weight gain [58] and increase diabetes risk [57, 64, 65].”
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“A high-fat diet (HFD), in which the fat provides above 40% of daily caloric intake, is an important part of the modern western pattern diet (4, 5).”
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“High consumption of root and tuber foods (especially potatoes and French fries) have been reported previously to be associated with increased weight and diabetes (Halton et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialJenkins, D. J. A., Kendall, C. W. C., Lamarche, B., Banach, M. S., Srichaikul, K., Vidgen, E., Mitchell, S., Parker, T. L., Nishi, S. K., Bashyam, B., et al. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4628-9 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“This has been demonstrated in the Northwick Park Heart Study [42] and, more recently, in the Prospective Cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) study [43], in which the association between raised clotting factor VII and the incidence of CHD was assessed at the respective 5 and 8 years follow-up of these cohorts.”
InfluentialRice intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: the Singapore Chinese Health Study
Seah, J. Y. H., Koh, W., Yuan, J., & van Dam, R. M. (2018) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-018-1879-7 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Association of western diet & lifestyle with decreased fertility.
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Bonsembiante, L., Targher, G., & Maffeis, C. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13103344 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“In another study conducted on 84,555 women followed for nearly 20 years, a modest positive association between dietary intake of potatoes (a digestible starch) and the risk of incident T2D was observed, particularly when potatoes were substituted for whole grains [55].”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Yang, W., VoPham, T., Ma, Y., Simon, T. G., Gao, X., Chan, A. T., Meyerhardt, J. A., Giovannucci, E. L., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.31251 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The difference in their beta coefficients as well as their variances and covariance were used to estimate the HR and 95% CI for the substitution effects.(37) Similarly, we also investigated the association of substitution plant protein and plant fat intake for an equivalent amount of refined grain intake with HCC risk.”
MethodDasgupta, A., & Klein, K. L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405872-9.00012-4 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Telomere Length in a Random Sample of 5448 U.S. Adults
Tucker, L. A. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051415 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Mazidi, M., & Speakman, J. R. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.007651 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Higher intake of French fries increased the 20-year risk of T2D by 21%.(44) The BWHS (Black Women’s Health Study) indicated that the 10-year incidence rate of T2D increased by 40% for greater consumption of hamburgers and by 68% for greater consumption of fried chicken (≥2 meals/week compared with none).”
BackgroundQuality of plant-based diets and risk of hypertension: a Korean genome and examination study
Kim, J., Kim, H., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02559-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Refined cereals and potatoes were considered as less healthy plant foods given the adverse associations with chronic diseases [7, 8].”
BackgroundLipsky, L. M., Cheon, K., Nansel, T. R., & Albert, P. S. (2012) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2012.03.005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Although some research findings have questioned the role of potatoes in chronic disease risk [29,30], our findings did not indicate substantial differences according to inclusion or exclusion of potatoes in WPF measures.”
- Authors
- Halton, T. L., Willett, W. C., Liu, S., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., & Hu, F. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Halton, Thomas L
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 284-290
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1909149403
- Semantic Scholar
- 2650991ed912104333198a961e8eaf71b0f9a1d3
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 8.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01dk058845-13, DK58845, CA 87969)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-87969, P01CA087969)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30 DK 040561, DK58845)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food composition and properties
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Potato Plant Research
- Keywords
- potato consumption, French fries, type 2 diabetes, diabetes risk, women, insulin resistance, glycemic load, obesity, Nurses' Health Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cooking, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Dietary Carbohydrates, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Surveys, Humans, Middle Aged, Obesity, Solanum tuberosum, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Multivariate Analysis, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio
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