The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lymphoid Germinal Centers Are Reservoirs of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA
Abstract
When radiolabeled RNA was used for in situ hybridization, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA was found in high concentrations in germinal centers of lymphoid tissues from patients with HIV-1 infection. Most of the signal from hybridized probe was independent of specific cells, being found in the extracellular space of germinal centers in all lymphoid tissues examined from adult patients with Centers for Disease Control (CDC) class II and III disease or pediatric patients with CDC class P-2A disease. Lymphoid tissues from adult patients with CDC class IV infections or pediatric patients with CDC class P-2D disease (including autopsy material) lacked intact germinal centers, and HIV-1 RNA was then found only in rare, isolated cells, with some tissues having no detectable HIV-1 RNA. Thus, in the early stages of HIV infection, germinal centers serve as important reservoirs of free virus in the interstitial spaces, and this reservoir disappears as the germinal centers involute with advancing disease.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Infectivity and Mechanisms of Pathogenesis
Fauci, A. S. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3277274 · Cited by 1,486
Self-citationDaar, E. S., Moudgil, T., Meyer, R. D., & Ho, D. D. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199104043241405 · Cited by 838
Harper, M. E., Marselle, L. M., Gallo, R. C., & Wong-Staal, F. (1986) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.83.3.772 · Cited by 725
The Reservoir for HIV-1 in Human Peripheral Blood Is a T Cell That Maintains Expression of CD4
Schnittman, S. M., Psallidopoulos, M. C., Lane, H. C., Thompson, L., Baseler, M., Massari, F., Fox, C. H., Salzman, N. P., & Fauci, A. S. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2665081 · Cited by 714
Self-citationHigh Titers of Cytopathic Virus in Plasma of Patients with Symptomatic Primary HIV-1 Infection
Clark, S. J., Saag, M. S., Decker, W. D., Campbell-Hill, S., Roberson, J. L., Veldkamp, P. J., Kappes, J. C., Hahn, B. H., & Shaw, G. M. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199104043241404 · Cited by 689
Serial CD4 lymphocyte counts and development of AIDS
Lee, C., Kernoff, P. A., Phillips, A., Elford, J., Janossy, G., Timms, A., & Bofill, M. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)91166-r · Cited by 294
FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS AND VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES IN AIDS-RELATED LYMPHADENOPATHY
ARMSTRONG, J. (1984) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90540-3 · Cited by 272
Detection of HIV-1 RNA in the Lamina Propria of Patients with AIDS and Gastrointestinal Disease
Fox, C. H., Kotler, D., Tierney, A., Wilson, C. S., & Fauci, A. S. (1989) · Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/159.3.467 · Cited by 192
Self-citationHTLV-III expression in infected lymph nodes and relevance to pathogenesis of lymphadenopathy.
Biberfeld, P., Chayt, K. J., Marselle, L. M., Biberfeld, G., Gallo, R. C., & Harper, M. (1986) · PubMed Central · Cited by 157
Vitamin B12 Malabsorption in Patients With Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Harriman, G. R. (1989) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.149.9.2039 · Cited by 148
Cited by
The immune response during acute HIV-1 infection: clues for vaccine development
McMichael, A. J., Borrow, P., Tomaras, G. D., Goonetilleke, N., & Haynes, B. F. (2010) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2674 · Cited by 871
Transmission, acute HIV-1 infection and the quest for strategies to prevent infection
Pope, M., & Haase, A. T. (2003) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0703-847 · Cited by 355
Pantaleo, G., Cohen, O. J., Schacker, T., Vaccarezza, M., Graziosi, C., Rizzardi, G. P., Kahn, J., Fox, C. H., Schnittman, S. M., Schwartz, D. H., et al. (1998) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0398-341 · Cited by 132
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Fox, C. H., Tenner-Racz, K., Racz, P., Firpo, A., Pizzo, P. A., & Fauci, A. S.
- Venue
- Journal of Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1991-12-01
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1051-1057
- ISSN
- 0022-1899 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6613
- OpenAlex
- W2163715113
- Cited by
- 293
- References
- 14
- FWCI
- 7.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Lymphoid Germinal Centers Are Reservoirs of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/infdis/164.6.1051
- The paper
- Fox, C. H., Tenner-Racz, K., Racz, P., Firpo, A., Pizzo, P. A., & Fauci, A. S. (1991). Lymphoid Germinal Centers Are Reservoirs of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA. Journal of Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/164.6.1051
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
