Impact of forage diversity on forage productivity, nutritive value, beef cattle performance, and enteric methane emissions
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Greenhouse gas emissions from the beef industry are largely attributed to the grazing sector, specifically from beef cattle enteric methane emissions. Therefore, the study objective was to examine how forage diversity impacts forage productivity, nutritive value, animal performance, and enteric methane emissions. This study occurred over three consecutive grazing seasons (2018 to 2020) and compared two common Midwest grazing mixtures: 1) a simple, 50:50 alfalfa:orchardgrass mixture (SIMP) and 2) a botanically diverse, cool-season species mixture (COMP). Fifty-six steers and heifers were adapted to an Automated Head Chamber System (AHCS) each year (C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) and stratified into treatment groups based on acclimation visitation. Each treatment consisted of four pastures, three 3.2-ha and one 1.6-ha, with eight and four animals each, respectively. Forage production was measured biweekly in pre- and postgrazed paddocks, and forage nutritive value was analyzed using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Shrunk body weights were taken monthly to determine animal performance. Forage availability did not differ between treatments (P = 0.69) but tended lower in 2018 (P = 0.06; 2.40 t dry matter ha−1) than 2019 (2.92 t dry matter ha−1) and 2020 (P = 0.10; 2.81 t dry matter ha−1). Crude protein was significantly lower for COMP in 2018 compared with SIMP. Forage acid detergent fiber content was significantly lower for the COMP mixture (P = 0.02). The COMP treatment resulted higher dry matter digestibility (IVDMD48) in 2018 and 2019 compared with the SIMP treatment (P < 0.01). Animal performance did not differ between treatments (P > 0.50). There was a tendency for the COMP treatment to have lower enteric CH4 production on a g d−1 basis (P = 0.06), but no difference was observed on an emission intensity basis (g CH4 kg−1 gain; P = 0.56). These results would indicate that adoption of the complex forage mixture would not result in improved forage productivity, animal performance, or reduced emission intensity compared with the simple forage mixture.
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Our regional Ym default of 6.5% is likely an overestimate: the clippings we used for forage digestibility analysis included lower and less-digestible plant parts that cattle at LCRC often avoided under the ~50% utilization target, potentially inflating modeled CH4 estimates.
“Our regional Ym default of 6.5% (EPA, 2023) is also likely an overestimate: the clippings we used for forage digestibility analysis included lower and less-digestible plant parts that cattle at LCRC often avoided under the ~50% utilization target (Thompson et al., 2021), potentially inflating modeled CH 4 estimates.”
From Impact of 10 years of adaptive multi-paddock grazing on soil carbon and beef's greenhouse gas footprint in the US Upper Midwest (2026) · cites this paper as Thompson et al., 2021
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWe conducted a sensitivity analysis comparing the IPCC Tier 2 method with measured LCRC data and the simplified IPCC Tier 2 approach for enteric CH4 emissions.
“Given the sensitivity of enteric CH 4 emissions to diet and intake levels, and their dominance in the beef footprint, we conducted a sensitivity analysis comparing the IPCC Tier 2 method with measured LCRC data (Chiavegato et al., 2015a;Thompson et al., 2021) and the simplified IPCC Tier 2 approach (IPCC, 2019).”
From Impact of 10 years of adaptive multi-paddock grazing on soil carbon and beef's greenhouse gas footprint in the US Upper Midwest (2026) · cites this paper as Thompson et al., 2021
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Thompson, L. R., Maciel, I. C. F., Rodrigues, P. D. R., Cassida, K. A., & Rowntree, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Michigan State University (US)
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Corresponding author
- Thompson, Logan R
- Venue
- Journal of Animal Science
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2021-11-17
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 12
- ISSN
- 0021-8812 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-3163
- PMC
- PMC8665682
- OpenAlex
- W3212281767
- Cited by
- 10
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 0.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Animal Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Michigan Alliance for Animal Agriculture (AA-18027)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Ruminant Nutrition and Digestive Physiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Pasture and Agricultural Systems
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Agroforestry and silvopastoral systems
- Keywords
- forage diversity, forage mixtures, enteric methane, beef cattle, alfalfa, Dactylis glomerata, cool-season grasses, forage productivity, forage quality, dry matter digestibility, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, emission intensity, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, steers and heifers, pasture management
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Feed, Cattle, Diet, Dietary Fiber, Female, Methane, Nutritive Value
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