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Cited by 1Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental ImpactPasture and Agricultural SystemsSustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis

Impact of 10 years of adaptive multi-paddock grazing on soil carbon and beef's greenhouse gas footprint in the US Upper Midwest

Open access
Garcia, Lautaro, Stanley, Paige L., Sacramento, Joao P., Dillon, Jasmine A., Thorbecke, Mariko, Thompson, Logan R., Ambike, Vrinda, Sharma, Prateek +5 more·2026·Agricultural Systems
DOI 10.1016/j.agsy.2026.104879
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Abstract

CONTEXT Adaptive multi-paddock (AMP) grazing has been discussed as an option to reduce beef production's greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint via its potential impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) accrual. This is especially relevant for the grazing-based cow-calf production phase, responsible for most beef GHGs and where practical mitigation options remain limited. However, existing AMP studies are too few, often short-term, and have key limitations in estimating SOC and GHGs to provide real confidence in its mitigation potential. OBJECTIVE To evaluate decade-scale impacts of AMP grazing on net GHG emissions in beef production systems. METHODS We conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) using 11 years of on-farm data from an experimental research site in Michigan, USA. We compared two beef production systems, incorporating different combinations of AMP grazing within conventional production phases: AMP-GF (grass-finishing) and AMP-FL (feedlot-finishing), both using AMP grazing for cow-calf and stocker phases. The LCA accounted for all standard GHG sources (i.e., emissions from enteric fermentation, manure management, feed production, on-farm energy use, transportation) and incorporated both measured and modeled SOC change (0–30 cm) over 11 years. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS AMP-grazed pastures accrued an estimated 0.52 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 , based on a conservative SOC estimate informed by field measurements and model outputs. Incorporating this SOC change into the LCA reduced net GHG intensities to ∼17 kg CO 2 -e kg CW −1 for both systems, corresponding to 41% (AMP-GF) and 34% (AMP-FL) reductions relative to their baselines. SIGNIFICANCE This study provides rare, decade-scale, system-wide evidence across the full beef lifecycle, showing that AMP grazing can meaningfully mitigate beef GHG emissions through sustained SOC accrual in the Upper Midwest.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

A decade-scale life cycle assessment at a Michigan research farm found that adaptive multi-paddock grazing accrued soil organic carbon and cut net beef greenhouse gas intensity by 34–41% relative to gross emissions. Both AMP grass-finished and AMP feedlot-finished systems reached about 17 kg CO₂-e kg CW⁻¹ under a conservative measure-plus-model SOC estimate.

Key findings

  • AMP-grazed pastures accrued an estimated 0.52 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (0–30 cm) over 11 years using the Measure + model approach; SOC increased in AMP pastures (p = 0.02) while the control area remained relatively unchanged (p = 0.93).
  • Gross GHG footprints were 29.4 ± 4.5 kg CO₂-e kg CW⁻¹ for AMP-GF and 25.6 ± 3.7 kg CO₂-e kg CW⁻¹ for AMP-FL; enteric CH₄ was the largest source (73% and 67%, respectively), and the cow-calf phase dominated emissions (82% and 80%).
  • Incorporating SOC accrual reduced net GHG intensities to 17.2 kg CO₂-e kg CW⁻¹ for AMP-GF and 17.0 kg CO₂-e kg CW⁻¹ for AMP-FL, corresponding to 41% and 34% reductions relative to their baselines.
  • AMP-FL produced 19% more beef annually than AMP-GF (36.1 vs. 30.4 t CW yr⁻¹) and 26% more beef per hectare (129 vs. 102 kg CW ha⁻¹); AMP-GF would require about 21% more land to produce the same annual carcass weight.

Methods

  • Deterministic cradle-to-farm-gate Excel-based LCA comparing AMP-GF (AMP grazing during cow-calf, stocker, and grass-finishing) and AMP-FL (AMP grazing during cow-calf and stocker, then feedlot-finishing), using 11 years (2012–2023) of on-farm data from Michigan State University’s Lake City AgBioResearch Center; feedlot data came from Stanley et al. (2018).
  • GHG sources included enteric CH₄, manure CH₄ and N₂O, feed production, on-farm energy, and transportation; emissions used IPCC Tier 2 methods and GWP100 factors (CH₄ = 27, N₂O = 273), expressed as kg CO₂-e kg CW⁻¹, with uncertainty of ±20% for CH₄, ±50% for N₂O, and ±20% for non-animal direct GHGs.
  • SOC was measured at T₀ (2012), T₁ (2016), and T₂ (2023) for 0–30 cm (186 samples total), analyzed with a linear mixed model using site as a random effect, equivalent soil mass correction, and clay/silt covariates; the SALUS process model was used to set a conservative T₀ baseline, and the main LCA used the Measure + model SOC estimate, with Measure and Model approaches as sensitivity analyses.

Limitations

  • Stated: the T₀ baseline had low sampling and site density (3 sites vs. 9 later), samples were analyzed across different laboratories, and a model-supported T₀ baseline was therefore used; enteric CH₄ was likely overestimated by IPCC Tier 2 assumptions, including a regional Ym of 6.5% and DMI adjustments, with on-site CH₄ about 17% and 24% lower than modeled for lactating cows and finishers, respectively; unmeasured production groups were scaled by metabolic body weight.
  • Stated: results are region-specific and cannot be extrapolated beyond the study period or region; legacy effects from pre-2010/2012 management cannot be ruled out; the control site was not ideal; discrete sampling intervals limit detection of nonlinear SOC trends; longer and more frequent measurements are needed.
  • Evident from the text: this is a single-farm case study, and the feedlot phase was not based on the same 11-year on-farm dataset but on a prior 90-day trial and a simulated 171-day feedlot period; the LCA is deterministic with uncertainty assigned from IPCC/expert-based values.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.agsy.2026.104879

Cites

68 of 69 references verified1 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

36 of 81 cited sources checked · 20 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Existing studies on AMP and SOC have generally relied on space-for-time comparisons rather than longitudinal data.

    “Existing studies on AMP and SOC have generally relied on space-for-time comparisons rather than longitudinal data (Machmuller et al., 2015;Mehre et al., 2024;Rowntree et al., 2020;Wang et al., 2015), focused on cropland-to-pasture transitions (Machmuller et al., 2015;Mehre et al., 2024;Rowntree et al., 2020), or evaluated only short-term shifts from conventional grazing (Stanley et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Machmuller et al., 2015 source

      The Abstract describes this study as a chronosequence comparing pastures established in different years, supporting its use as a space-for-time example. It also says the authors sampled across the pastures over two years, so the study did include repeated measurements; this paper alone does not establish what existing studies generally relied on. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Mehre et al., 2024 source
    • cites Rowntree et al., 2020 source

      The Soil Carbon Sequestration section says this study estimated SOC change using a space-for-time substitution rather than direct measurements over time. It does not establish the broader claim that existing AMP–SOC studies have generally used that approach. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Initial evidence from beef LCAs incorporating AMP grazing induced SOC accrual suggests substantial GHG mitigation potential, with reported reductions from 65 to 169% lower relative to footprints without SOC offsets.

    “Initial evidence from beef life cycle assessments (LCAs) incorporating AMP grazing induced SOC accrual suggest substantial GHG mitigation potential.Relative to GHG footprints calculated without considering offsets from SOC accrual, reported GHG footprints incorporating measured SOC accrual suggested reductions from 65 to 169% lower (Mehre et al., 2024;Rowntree et al., 2020;Stanley et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Mehre et al., 2024 source
    • cites Rowntree et al., 2020 source

      The Net GHG Footprint and Land Use section reports that incorporating measured soil-carbon accrual reduced this system’s LCA footprint by 80%, from 20.8 to 4.1 kg CO₂-e per kg carcass weight. That supports substantial mitigation and falls within the cited range, but this paper does not report the range’s 65% and 169% endpoints; its separate 66% figure compares the resulting footprint with conventional production, not with its own footprint before the SOC offset. The Soil Carbon Sequestration section describes its grazing approach as analogous to AMP grazing rather than AMP grazing itself. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Stanley et al., 2018 source
  • Premisecitation

    The majority of GHG emissions in US beef production systems originate from the grazing phases (cow-calf and stocker), which account for ~70-80% of total beef emissions.

    “The majority of GHG emissions in these systems originate from the grazing phases-cow-calf and stocker production-which account for ~70-80% of total beef emissions (Pelton et al., 2024;Rotz et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Pelton et al., 2024 source

      The ‘Aggregate US beef industry baseline emissions’ section attributes the majority of emissions to grazing, but gives its share as 64%, not approximately 70–80%. The ‘Spatial distribution of beef emissions and emission intensity’ section likewise identifies grazing as the largest stage and reports 64%. No page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.92)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Rotz et al., 2019 source
  • Premisecitation

    Compared to continuous grazing systems, AMP grazing is thought to bolster SOC accrual by adaptively optimizing grazing frequency, timing, duration, and intensity, thereby increasing SOC inputs, reducing losses, and improving the efficiency of below-ground transformations.

    “Compared to continuous grazing systems, AMP grazing is thought to bolster SOC accrual by adaptively optimizing grazing frequency, timing, duration, and intensity, thereby increasing SOC inputs, reducing losses, and improving the efficiency of below-ground transformations”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Mosier et al., 2021 source
    • cites Stanley et al., 2024 source
    • cites Wang et al., 2015 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Some studies compared SOC between AMP and conventional grazing at one timepoint and therefore could not report accrual rates.

    “Additionally, some studies compared SOC between AMP and conventional grazing at one timepoint (Mosier et al., 2022;Stanley et al., 2025) and therefore could not report accrual rates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Mosier et al., 2022 source
    • cites Stanley et al., 2025 source
  • May combine two claims. 47
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 29
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Past studies have failed to robustly inform the long-term GHG impacts of AMP grazing, largely due to the scarcity of studies measuring SOC over time.

    “Past studies have failed to robustly inform its long-term GHG impacts.This gap is largely due to the scarcity of studies measuring SOC over time, primarily because AMP's adaptive nature limits its study in traditional agricultural research (Roche, 2016;Teague et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Roche, 2016 source

      The Conclusions (page unavailable) call for management-scale, participatory research, but do not say that AMP grazing is difficult to study using traditional methods. Searches for soil organic carbon, SOC, greenhouse-gas impacts, and longitudinal measurements found no passage addressing the claimed research gap or its proposed cause. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Teague et al., 2013 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most LCAs on AMP grazing compare fully AMP-managed systems to fully conventional ones, which may be interpreted as AMP and feedlots being incompatible, even though AMP grazing could be integrated into earlier production phases.

    “Additionally, most LCAs on AMP grazing compare fully AMPmanaged systems to fully conventional ones (Rowntree et al., 2020;Stanley et al., 2018), which may be interpreted as AMP and feedlots being incompatible, even though AMP grazing could be integrated into earlier production phases.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Rowntree et al., 2020 source

      The Abstract and Introduction (pages unavailable) describe this paper’s whole-farm comparison of a multispecies pasture-rotation system with conventional production. That supports an example of the comparison described, but the paper does not establish that most LCAs of AMP grazing use this design; its studied system is also not specifically an AMP-grazing system. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Stanley et al., 2018 source

      The Introduction describes this paper as a comparison of feedlot and AMP-grazing finishing, so it supports the citation as an example of that comparison. But it explicitly calls the study a partial LCA of the finishing phase; it does not establish that most AMP-grazing LCAs compare fully AMP-managed systems with fully conventional ones. The sentence’s interpretation about compatibility and earlier production phases is the citing authors’ framing, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    We conducted a sensitivity analysis comparing the IPCC Tier 2 method with measured LCRC data and the simplified IPCC Tier 2 approach for enteric CH4 emissions.

    “Given the sensitivity of enteric CH 4 emissions to diet and intake levels, and their dominance in the beef footprint, we conducted a sensitivity analysis comparing the IPCC Tier 2 method with measured LCRC data (Chiavegato et al., 2015a;Thompson et al., 2021) and the simplified IPCC Tier 2 approach (IPCC, 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Chiavegato et al., 2015a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Thompson et al., 2021 source
    • cites IPCC, 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tools intended for grazing cattle generally remain early in development; CH4 vaccines show minimal or inconsistent in vivo effects, and red seaweed additives have so far produced only short-term reductions in small grazing trials.

    “Tools intended for grazing cattle generally remain early in development; for example, CH 4 vaccines show minimal or inconsistent in vivo effects (Beauchemin et al., 2022), and red seaweed additives have so far produced only short-term reductions in small grazing trials (Meo-Filho et al., 2024)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Beauchemin et al., 2022 source
    • cites Meo-Filho et al., 2024 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The average SOC accrual rate was 0.52 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, which is ~1.5-2× greater than commonly cited mean accrual rates for improved grazing management (0.28 Mg C ha-1 yr-1; Conant et al., 2017; 0.32 Mg C ha-1 yr-1; Dondini et al., 2023).

    “This resulted in an average SOC accrual rate of 0.52 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 , which is ~1.5-2× greater than commonly cited mean accrual rates for improved grazing management (0.28 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 ; Conant et al., 2017; 0.32 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 ; Dondini et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Conant et al., 2017 source
    • cites Dondini et al., 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Across much of this grazingland base, SOC stocks fall below estimated ecosystem potential, shaped by long-term land-use and grazing management history.

    “Across much of this grazingland base, SOC stocks fall below estimated ecosystem potential (Sanderman et al., 2017), shaped by long-term land-use and grazing management history.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sanderman et al., 2017 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Most agricultural soils-particularly those with a history of degradation-remain far below the SOC saturation threshold.

    “Although SOC saturation represents a theoretical upper limit, most agricultural soils—particularly those with a history of degradation—remain far below this threshold (Georgiou et al., 2022;Georgiou et al., 2025;Sanderman et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Georgiou et al., 2022 source

      In Results and discussion, the paper reports that agricultural systems averaged 31 ± 2% saturation and that most current and abandoned agricultural lands are considerably below their mineralogical carbon capacity, consistent with the claim about degraded agricultural soils. The qualification is that the paper measures saturation of mineral-associated organic carbon, not total SOC, and its estimated capacity is not an absolute upper limit: some soils exceed it. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Georgiou et al., 2025 source

      In “Approaches for Quantifying Saturation” (page unavailable), the paper says cropland soils are often carbon-depleted and average about 30% MAOC saturation, supporting the claim that many agricultural soils are well below saturation. The Introduction reports carbon losses from land-use degradation, but does not establish that previously degraded agricultural soils are particularly far below saturation. The quantified threshold concerns mineral-associated carbon (MAOC), rather than total SOC. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Sanderman et al., 2017 source

      The Abstract reports that SOC loss is more common across agricultural land, and the Results and Discussion identify SOC-loss hotspots associated with highly degraded land. But the paper compares current SOC with historical or nonagricultural stocks; it does not establish that most agricultural soils are far below a theoretical SOC saturation threshold. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the US, efficiency-based strategies appear to have limited remaining scope, partly because the sector has historically been technology-driven.

    “In the US, efficiency-based strategies appear to have limited remaining scope (Cusack et al., 2021;Pelton et al., 2024), partly because the sector has historically been technology-driven (Drouillard, 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Cusack et al., 2021 source
    • cites Pelton et al., 2024 source

      The Main section says the US beef industry has made efficiency gains over the past 50 years, but does not assess how much scope remains for efficiency-based strategies. It explicitly places productivity improvements outside the study’s scope and calls them an important opportunity for future research. The technology-driven explanation is cited to Drouillard, not Pelton, so it is not part of this verdict. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Drouillard, 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several alternative mitigation tools are technically available-mostly targeting enteric CH4-but substantial barriers still limit their scalability, including costs, regulatory approval, limited farm-scale testing, and low suitability in grazing settings.

    “Several alternative mitigation tools are technically available—mostly targeting enteric CH 4 —but substantial barriers still limit their scalability, including costs, regulatory approval, limited farm-scale testing, and low suitability in grazing settings (Beauchemin et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Beauchemin et al., 2022 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Recent research suggests SOC is more dynamic than once believed, with stabilization and turnover influenced by climate, microbial activity, and land use.

    “Recent research suggests SOC is more dynamic than once believed, with stabilization and turnover influenced by climate, microbial activity, and land use (Cotrufo et al., 2019;Hansen et al., 2024).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cotrufo et al., 2019 source
    • cites Hansen et al., 2024 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    To address these issues, we applied improved analytical methods, compared SOC stocks using equivalent soil mass to correct for temporal BD differences, and benchmarked AMP pastures against a non-grazed reference area.

    “To address these issues, we applied improved analytical methods, compared SOC stocks using equivalent soil mass to correct for temporal BD differences (Fowler et al., 2023), and benchmarked AMP pastures against a non-grazed reference area (Fig. A.7;Table A.10).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fowler et al., 2023 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Our study indicates that incorporating AMP grazing either partially (AMP-FL) or entirely (AMP-GF) leads to significantly improved ecological outcomes compared to conventional grazing and grass-finishing systems, and maintains production levels comparable to current systems in our region.

    “Our study indicates that incorporating AMP grazing either partially (AMP-FL) or entirely (AMP-GF) not only leads to significantly improved ecological outcomes compared to conventional grazing and grass-finishing systems, but also maintains production levels comparable to current systems in our region (Asem-Hiablie et al., 2016;Lindquist, 2014;Pelletier et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Asem-Hiablie et al., 2016 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Lindquist, 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Pelletier et al., 2010 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The reductions in net GHG intensity relative to baselines were 41% for AMP-GF and 34% for AMP-FL.

    “corresponding to 41% (AMP-GF) and 34% (AMP-FL) reductions relative to their baselines.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “AMP grazing cut beef GHG emissions by 34-41% under the measure + model approach.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: SOC equilibrium for all feed produced from cropland and off-farm hayland.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    AMP-GF relied entirely on pastureland, while AMP-FL utilized 94.5% pastureland and 5.5% cropland.

    “with AMP-GF relying entirely on pastureland, while AMP-FL utilized 94.5% pastureland and 5.5% cropland (Fig. 1B).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    AMP-GF required 39 kg DM per kg CW produced, compared to 32 kg DM per kg CW produced in AMP-FL.

    “Feed efficiency also varied, with AMP-GF requiring 39 kg DM kg -1 CW produced (100% pasture), compared to 32 kg DM kg -1 CW produced in AMP-FL”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Using the Measure + model SOC accrual rate of 0.52 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, the GHG footprints decreased by 41% for AMP-GF (from 29.4 to 17.2 kg CO2-e kg-1 CW) and 34% for AMP-FL (from 25.6 to 17.0 kg CO2-e kg-1 CW).

    “Using the Measure + model SOC accrual rate of 0.52 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 as the main estimate, the GHG footprints decreased by 41% for AMP-GF (from 29.4 to 17.2 kg CO 2 -e kg -1 CW) and 34% for AMP-FL (from 25.6 to 17.0 kg CO 2 -e kg -1 CW) (Fig. 3B).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    AMP-finished steers accounted for 10% of emissions and FL-finished steers for 13%.

    “AMP-finished steers accounted for 10% of emissions and FL-finished steers for 13% (Fig. 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The finishing phase contributed 51% of total CW in AMP-FL and 42% in AMP-GF.

    “As a share of total CW, the finishing phase contributed 51% in AMP-FL, compared to 42% in AMP-GF.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Replacing the IPCC Tier 2 method with on-farm measured data reduced enteric CH4 emissions by 3%, while using the simplified IPCC Tier 2 approach increased emissions by 10% for AMP-GF.

    “our sensitivity analysis for AMP-GF showed that replacing the IPCC Tier 2 method used in this study with on-farm measured data reduced enteric CH 4 emissions by 3%, while using the simplified IPCC Tier 2 approach increased emissions by 10% (Table A.9).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Accounting for SOC accrual reduced net GHG intensities by 41% for AMP-GF and 34% for AMP-FL relative to their baselines.

    “representing 41% and 34% reductions relative to their baselines for AMP-GF and AMP-FL, respectively.”
    • Also stated in: § 5. Conclusions and implications · plain
      “Accounting for SOC accrual reduced net GHG intensities (kg CO 2 -e kg CW -1 ) by 41% and 34%, respectively, relative to gross emissions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    We attempted to ensure that SL soil samples collected in 2012 and 2016 were from relatively close distances, and 2016 samples from SL soils were all within 100 m of the original locations.

    “Notably, we attempted to ensure that SL soil samples collected in 2012 and 2016 were from relatively close distances.While we were unable to find exact coordinates from 2012 sample locations, we were able to ensure that 2016 samples collected from SL soils were all within 100 m of the original locations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    From 2012 onward, LCRC maintained a consistent herd size, allowing averaging of animal categories and numbers over 2012-2023 to generate an inventory comparable to commercial herds.

    “From 2012 onward, LCRC maintained a consistent herd size, allowing us to average animal categories and numbers over 2012-2023 to generate an inventory comparable to commercial herds (Table A.3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    We quantified uncertainties in farm-level GHG emissions following procedures previously used, applying ±20% uncertainty for enteric and manure-derived CH4, ±50% for N2O, and ±20% for non-animal direct GHGs, with overall uncertainty calculated as the square root of the sum of squares.

    “We quantified uncertainties in farm-level GHG emissions following procedures previously used (Rotz et al., 2019;Stackhouse-Lawson et al., 2012), where uncertainty percentages were assigned to each source following IPCC (2006) based on expert opinion for their Tier 2 methodologies.We applied ±20% uncertainty for enteric and manurederived CH 4 , ±50% for N 2 O, and ± 20% for non-animal direct GHGs (”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Rotz et al., 2019 source
    • cites Stackhouse-Lawson et al., 2012 source
    • cites IPCC, 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Measured SOC responses to AMP grazing cannot be extrapolated to other regions, as grazing-mediated SOC changes are highly climate-dependent.

    “Importantly, measured SOC responses to AMP grazing cannot be extrapolated to other regions, as grazing-mediated SOC changes are highly climate-dependent (McSherry and Ritchie, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites McSherry and Ritchie, 2013 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    This long-term dataset captures inter-annual variability in inputs, production, and emissions, meeting FAO recommendations for LCA data quality.

    “This long-term dataset captures inter-annual variability in inputs, production, and emissions, meeting FAO recommendations for LCA data quality (FAO, 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites FAO, 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A recent 10-year rotational-grazing study offers rare long-term SOC observations, but its plot-scale setup, single annual composite per plot, and cropland-conversion history limit its applicability to AMP systems operating at whole-farm scales.

    “Although a recent 10-year rotational-grazing study offers rare long-term SOC observations (Simmons et al., 2026), its plot-scale setup, single annual composite per plot, and cropland-conversion history limit its applicability to AMP systems operating at whole-farm scales.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Simmons et al., 2026 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    This complete cradle-to-farm gate LCA encompassed all major GHG emissions and sinks associated with beef production, from feed production to transport to the slaughterhouse.

    “This complete cradle-to-farm gate LCA encompassed all major GHG emissions and sinks associated with beef production, from feed production to transport to the slaughterhouse (Fig. A.3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Existing hayland and cropland supplied off-farm hay and crops, so land use change emissions were excluded.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Background soil N2O emissions from soil organic matter mineralization and crop residue decomposition are negligible and unchanged due to beef production, and emissions from machinery, infrastructure, and seed production are minor.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    We established 30x50m sampling zones in the same areas sampled in 2016, used QGIS to randomly allocate sampling locations, and avoided sampling in locations with animal excreta, pathways, driveways, or near watering points to prevent bias.

    “We established 30x50m sampling zones in the same areas sampled in 2016 to ensure adequate coverage and used QGIS to randomly allocate sampling locations within each of these zones (QGIS.org, 2023).We avoided sampling in locations with animal excreta, pathways, driveways, or near watering points to prevent bias (FAO, 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites QGIS.org, 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites FAO, 2019

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    There is an absence, to the authors' knowledge, of a single study globally or domestically that simultaneously addresses all relevant factors for assessing AMP grazing as a tool to reduce beef emissions.

    “A key barrier to assessing the potential of AMP grazing as a tool to reduce beef emissions is the absence, to our knowledge, of a single study-globally or domestically-that simultaneously addresses all relevant factors (e.g., long-term AMP grazing management with productivity data, integration of measured and modeled SOC change, full LCA accounting, incorporation of realistic scenarios combining a”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    We collected 108 soil cores, averaging 12 samples per site, from the same nine sites sampled in 2016, following the statistically powered estimated sample size.

    “Following this statistically powered estimated sample size, we collected 108 soil cores, averaging 12 samples per site, from the same nine sites sampled in 2016.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    AMP grazing substantially reduced the GHG footprints of the studied cow-calf to finish systems, resulting in low net emissions under a conservative SOC accrual rate of 0.52 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, while maintaining productivity levels comparable to those reported for conventional systems.

    “we found that AMP grazing substantially reduced the GHG footprints of the studied cow-calf to finish systems, resulting in low net emissions under a conservative SOC accrual rate of 0.52 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 , while maintaining productivity levels comparable to those reported for conventional systems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    By combining measured and modeled outputs, we obtained the most robust SOC accrual rate to use in the LCA, along with separate measure- and model-based estimates for sensitivity analysis.

    “By combining measured and modeled outputs, we obtained the most robust SOC accrual rate to use in the LCA, along with separate measure-and model-based estimates for sensitivity analysis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The specific accrual rates reported here reflect Upper Midwest conditions and cannot be directly transferred to other regions.

    “While the specific accrual rates reported here reflect Upper Midwest conditions and cannot be directly transferred to other regions”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The underlying pathways of SOC accrual are biologically universal.

    “the underlying pathways are biologically universal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These patterns can improve several ecophysiological elements linked to SOC formation, including greater canopy and ground cover, enhanced plant productivity, improved root allocation and exudation, higher-quality litter inputs, and increased manure distribution and plant functional diversity.

    “These patterns can improve several ecophysiological elements linked to SOC formation, including greater canopy and ground cover, enhanced plant productivity, improved root allocation and exudation, higher-quality litter inputs, and increased manure distribution and plant functional diversity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stanley et al., 2024 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Multiple studies have demonstrated SOC gains under AMP grazing, alongside broader improvements in ecophysiological indicators of soil health such as enhanced plant community composition and water dynamics.

    “Despite limited long-term data, multiple studies have demonstrated SOC gains under AMP grazing (e.g., Mosier et al., 2021;Stanley et al., 2025), alongside broader improvements in ecophysiological indicators of soil health such as enhanced plant community composition and water dynamics (Apfelbaum et al., 2022;Döbert et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Mosier et al., 2021 source
    • cites Stanley et al., 2025 source
    • cites Apfelbaum et al., 2022 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Our emissions estimates fall within expected regional ranges, combined with our intentionally conservative Ym assumptions, provides a robust basis for interpreting the net GHG outcomes driven by SOC change.

    “Overall, the fact that our emissions estimates fall within expected regional ranges, combined with our intentionally conservative Ym assumptions (see enteric CH 4 considerations below), provides a robust basis for interpreting the net GHG outcomes driven by SOC change.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Because sampling occurred at discrete intervals and SOC accrual was calculated to derive a single, robust 11-year estimate for the LCA, it is difficult to detect short-term changes or nonlinear trends during that period.

    “However, because sampling occurred at discrete intervals and SOC accrual was calculated to derive a single, robust 11-year estimate for the LCA, it is difficult to detect short-term changes or nonlinear trends during that period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    We cannot rule out that legacy effects from the pre-2010/2012 management period partially contributed to the SOC gains observed here.

    “However, we cannot rule out that legacy effects from the pre-2010/2012 management period partially contributed to the SOC gains observed here.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    SOC gains at LCRC cannot be attributed to reductions in stocking rate-which was held constant throughout the study period-or to external carbon inputs, given the absence of N fertilizer, reseeding, or soil amendments.

    “Importantly, SOC gains at LCRC cannot be attributed to reductions in stocking rate—which was held constant throughout the study period—or to external carbon inputs, given the absence of N fertilizer, reseeding, or soil amendments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    AMP management may support better overall system efficiency and differences among grazing systems in gross emissions could be meaningful and merit further study.

    “illustrating that AMP management may support better overall system efficiency and that differences among grazing systems in gross emissions could be meaningful and merit further study.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Grazinglands span nearly 2 billion hectares globally and form the foundation of most beef supply chains.

    “Grazinglands span nearly 2 billion hectares globally (Dondini et al., 2023) and form the foundation of most beef supply chains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dondini et al., 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Our results add to this evidence with a uniquely long, longitudinal dataset.

    “Our results add to this evidence with a uniquely long, longitudinal dataset.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The relative dominance of these pathways and the degree to which AMP management activates them will vary with local climate, soil type, plant community, and grazing history.

    “Their relative dominance and the degree to which AMP management activates them will vary with local climate, soil type, plant community, and grazing history (Stanley et al., 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stanley et al., 2024 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Together, these mechanisms support the three major pathways of SOC accrual: increasing carbon inputs, reducing losses, and promoting below-ground transformations.

    “Together, these mechanisms support the three major pathways of SOC accrual: increasing carbon inputs, reducing losses, and promoting below-ground transformations (Stanley et al., 2024).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stanley et al., 2024 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    In the empirical dataset, the slower rate observed in later years may reflect a real trend, consistent with diminishing returns reported elsewhere.

    “In the empirical dataset, the slower rate observed in later years may reflect a real trend, consistent with diminishing returns reported elsewhere (Stewart et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stewart et al., 2007 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    AMP's climate importance comes from its unusually broad scalability across the beef sector, though the degree to which its soil carbon climate benefit is realized will depend on local soil, climate, and management conditions, and requires further validation across regions.

    “Beyond the general mitigation magnitude advantage, AMP's climate importance comes from its unusually broad scalability across the beef sector—though the degree to which its soil carbon climate benefit is realized will depend on local soil, climate, and management conditions, and requires further validation across regions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Attempts to measure grazing-induced changes in SOC and incorporate them into LCAs have been sparse in the literature and have yielded widely variable results.

    “Attempts to measure grazing-induced changes in SOC and incorporate them into LCAs have been sparse in the literature and have yielded widely variable results (Lupo et al., 2013;Mehre et al., 2024;Pelletier et al., 2010;Rowntree et al., 2020; see SI Section A.3.4 for a direct comparison with these studies).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Lupo et al., 2013 source
    • cites Mehre et al., 2024 source
    • cites Pelletier et al., 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This leaves substantial room for improvement through grazing management approaches that optimize for SOC accrual and retention.

    “This leaves substantial room for improvement through grazing management approaches that optimize for SOC accrual and retention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    SOC accrual rates, potential, and longevity are highly regionally contextual, which combined with differences in grazing management likely partly explains variability across the studies.

    “SOC accrual rates, potential, and longevity are highly regionally contextual, which combined with differences in grazing management likely partly explains variability across the studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Using a combined measure-model SOC approach is useful for validating SOC results, which can vary across time and space.

    “Our work also illustrates the strengths of using a combined measure-model SOC approach for validating SOC results, which can vary across time and space.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Potential land-use tradeoffs may be partially mitigated when considering ecosystem services, as the additional land required under AMP grazing may also provide broader soil health and resilience benefits associated with SOC accrual.

    “However, potential land-use tradeoffs may be partially mitigated when considering ecosystem services, as the additional land required under AMP grazing may also provide broader soil health and resilience benefits associated with SOC accrual.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Our low-input grazing-based systems (AMP-GF and AMP-FL) can maintain beef output per hectare comparable to current regional systems for both cow-calf to grain- or grass-finishing, ensuring that potential mitigation practices do not compromise productivity.

    “This indicates that our lowinput grazing-based systems (AMP-GF and AMP-FL) can maintain beef output per hectare comparable to current regional systems for both cowcalf to grain-or grass-finishing, ensuring that potential mitigation practices do not compromise productivity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    This combined measure-model approach produces a conservative SOC accrual estimate of 0.52 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, providing defensible benchmark for interpreting AMP's contribution to net GHG outcomes.

    “This combined measure-model approach produces a conservative SOC accrual estimate of 0.52 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 , providing defensible benchmark for interpreting AMP's contribution to net GHG outcomes (see SI Section A.3.2 for details).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Given this scalability and the continued prevalence of continuous grazing in the US, industry sustainability initiatives now identify grazing management plans as a key mitigation strategy for cow-calf systems.

    “Given this scalability and the continued prevalence of continuous grazing in the US (Whitt and Wallander, 2022), industry sustainability initiatives now identify grazing management plans as a key mitigation strategy for cow-calf systems (USRSB, 2025).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Whitt and Wallander, 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites USRSB, 2025

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Our findings are robust by construction and likely represent a minimum estimate of this system's climate mitigation potential.

    “Our findings are therefore robust by construction and likely represent a minimum estimate of this system's climate mitigation potential.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The relatively low standard error among T0 samples supports their internal consistency, yet the small number of T0 sites (3 vs. 9 in later years) limits precision and cannot fully compensate for potential laboratory or equipment-related error.

    “The relatively low standard error among T 0 samples supports their internal consistency, yet the small number of T 0 sites (3 vs. 9 in later years) limits precision and cannot fully compensate for potential laboratory or equipment-related error.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Given these constraints, we adopted a model-supported T0 baseline.

    “Given these constraints, we adopted a model-supported T 0 baseline.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    AMP grazing in the Upper Midwest can sustain low-input yet productive operations, yielding high meat production from predominantly non-human edible feed sources.

    “1) sustain low-input yet productive operations, yielding high meat production from predominantly non-human edible feed sources”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The studied AMP systems are representative of commercial-scale cow-calf to finish systems in the Upper Midwest.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    A remaining limitation is that emissions for unmeasured production groups were scaled using metabolic body weight, which may have diluted the pre-group estimates.

    “A remaining limitation is that emissions for unmeasured production groups were scaled using metabolic body weight, which may have diluted the pregroup estimates.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The IPCC Tier 2 model likely overestimates enteric CH4 in our system, as we intentionally took a conservative approach to ensure that any potentially low footprint was driven by SOC change rather than underestimated emissions.

    “Although our GHG emissions estimates align with regional values, the IPCC Tier 2 model likely overestimates enteric CH 4 in our system, as we intentionally took a conservative approach to ensure that any potentially low footprint was driven by SOC change rather than underestimated emissions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Our two conservative assumptions-an upper-bound T0 baseline and a Ym factor that likely overestimates emissions-are directionally aligned: any residual bias pushes our estimates toward underestimation of both SOC accrual and methane reduction.

    “Taken together, our two conservative assumptions—an upper-bound T 0 baseline and a Ym factor that likely overestimates emissions—are directionally aligned: any residual bias pushes our estimates toward underestimation of both SOC accrual and methane reduction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    We increased the IPCC DMI values to better reflect actual intake; without this correction, enteric CH4 would be underestimated by ~7% in both systems.

    “To this end, we increased the IPCC DMI values to better reflect actual intake; without this correction, enteric CH 4 would be underestimated by ~7% in both systems (Table A.9).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Our AMP-FL scenario balances the benefits of SOC accrual from AMP grazing in early beef production phases with the productivity benefits of FL finishing.

    “Alternatively, our AMP-FL scenario balances the benefits of SOC accrual from AMP grazing in early beef production phases with the productivity benefits of FL finishing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
64 of 64

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    SOC equilibrium for all feed produced from cropland and off-farm hayland.

    “We assumed SOC equilibrium for all feed produced from cropland and off-farm hayland.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Existing hayland and cropland supplied off-farm hay and crops, so land use change emissions were excluded.

    “Land use change emissions were excluded due to LCRC's long-standing perennial pastures and the assumption that existing hayland and cropland supplied off-farm hay and crops.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Background soil N2O emissions from soil organic matter mineralization and crop residue decomposition are negligible and unchanged due to beef production, and emissions from machinery, infrastructure, and seed production are minor.

    “Background soil N 2 O emissions from soil organic matter mineralization and crop residue decomposition, assuming negligible changes due to beef production (Stanley et al., 2018), as well as emissions from machinery, infrastructure, and seed production were not accounted for due to their minor contribution to the overall footprint (FAO, 2016;Stackhouse-Lawson et al., 2012).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Live animals sold to other farms maintained LCRC-gained weight until culling, except for two assumed mortalities.

    “Many live animals-mostly bred females-were sold to other farms and included in the beef output under the assumption that they maintained LCRC-gained weight until culling, except for two assumed mortalities.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Unweaned calves' diet transition from 4-6 months had grass constituting 25% and 50% of intake at 4-5 and 5-6 months, respectively.

    “Although IPCC guidelines exclude emissions for unweaned calves, we conservatively modeled their 4-6 month diet transition, assuming grass constituted 25% and 50% of their intake at 4-5 and 5-6 months, respectively (EPA, 2023).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    25% of hay was sourced on-farm and 75% off-farm.

    “To estimate hay production emissions for the AMP grazing stages, we assumed 25% of hay was sourced on-farm and 75% off-farm, with total usage calculated based on DMI estimates and adjusted for a 15% feeding wastage rate (Ty Hughston, manager, LCRC, pers.comm.).”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The control site provides a useful reference point for comparison despite not being an ideal control.

    “Although it does not represent an ideal control, it provides a useful reference point for comparison.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The studied AMP systems are representative of commercial-scale cow-calf to finish systems in the Upper Midwest.

    “detailed data from commercial-scale cow-calf to finish systems in the Upper Midwest”
    “AMP grazing in the Upper Midwest”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a major gap in the scientific literature regarding comprehensive LCA-based assessments of AMP grazing's impact on the GHG balance of beef production.

    “addressing a major gap in the scientific literature.”
9 of 9

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Control-site sampling dates span 12 years, not 11

    Minor

    The control site was sampled in 2012 and resampled in 2024, a 12-year interval. It therefore was not evaluated over the same 11-year period as the AMP pastures sampled through 2023.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Rowntree, 2016, Potential mitigation of Midwest grass-finished beef production emissions with soil carbon sequestration in the United States of America, Future Food J. Food Agric. Soc., 4, 31
  2. Ryan, 1998, Energy use in Minnesota agriculture, Minn. Agric. Econ., 693, 4

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Garcia, L., Stanley, P. L., Sacramento, J. P., Dillon, J. A., Thorbecke, M., Thompson, L. R., Ambike, V., Sharma, P., Xu, S., Chiavegato, M. B., Raven, M. R., Basso, B., & Rowntree, J. E.
Affiliations
  • Michigan State University (US)
  • Colorado State University (US)
  • Cornell University (US)
  • Kansas State University (US)
  • University of California, Davis (US)
  • The Ohio State University (US)
Corresponding author
Rowntree, Jason E.
ORCID
Venue
Agricultural Systems
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2026-10
Volume
238
Pages
104879
ISSN
0308-521X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.agsy.2026.104879
OpenAlex
W7167243174
Semantic Scholar
996f2307e478e69891a91dbe62ccc4d66b1a8c21
Cited by
1
References
64
Citations by year
2026: 1
FWCI
3.55
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
Agricultural Systems (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
Michigan Alliance for Animal Agriculture (AA-22-0054)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Forestry › Pasture and Agricultural Systems
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Sustainable Agricultural Systems Analysis
Keywords
adaptive multi-paddock grazing, soil carbon, beef cattle, greenhouse gas footprint, grazing management, carbon sequestration, Upper Midwest

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-23.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-23.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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