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Value chains, networks and clusters: reframing the global automotive industry
Open accessAbstract
In this article, we apply global value chain (GVC) analysis to recent trends in the global automotive industry, with special attention paid to the case of North America. We use the three main elements of the GVC framework—firm-level chain governance, power and institutions—to highlight some of the defining characteristics of this important industry. First, national political institutions create pressure for local content, which drives production close to end markets, where it tends to be organized nationally or regionally. Second, in terms of GVC governance, rising product complexity combined with low codifiability and a paucity of industry-level standards has driven buyer–supplier linkages toward the relational form, a governance mode that is more compatible with Japanese than American supplier relations. The outsourcing boom of the 1990s exacerbated this situation. As work shifted to the supply base, lead firms and suppliers were forced to develop relational linkages to support the exchange of complex uncodified information and tacit knowledge. Finally, the small number of hugely powerful lead firms that drive the automotive industry helps to explain why it has been so difficult to develop and set the industry-level standards that could underpin a more loosely articulated spatial architecture. This case study underlines the need for an open, scalable approach to the study of global industries.
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“To some extent, control decisions are impacted by host countries' regulatory environments, particularly when national political institutions create pressure for local content on MNEs that are trying to gain access to large downstream markets in Global value chains emerging economies (Lund-Thomsen & Coe, 2015;Morris & Staritz, 2014;Sturgeon, Van Biesebroeck, & Gereffi, 2008).”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Sturgeon, Van Biesebroeck, & Gereffi, 2008
In the citing paper
“Desire to access large and fast-growing consumer markets drives production activities close to end markets, for example, when host country governments in emerging markets pressure MNEs for local operations (Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Sturgeon et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Sturgeon et al. (2008) followed up with this line of research by examining major American and Japanese automotive lead firms and over 150 suppliers in North America.They found that upgrading of local suppliers was more likely if the GVC network structure moved towards a relational form of power dynamics.”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Sturgeon et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“In a case study of major American and Japanese automotive lead firms and their suppliers, Sturgeon et al. (2008) find that relational governance is necessitated by rising product complexity, low process codifiability and a paucity of industry-level standards.”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Sturgeon et al. (2008)
In the citing paper
“Sturgeon et al. (2008) discuss the impact of home country cultural characteristics on American and Japanese lead firms' abilities to successfully engage in relational governance.”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Sturgeon et al. (2008)
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Mahutga, M. C. (2014) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1177/0731121414523399 · Cited by 18
“…networks not only limit the ability of lead firms to exercise buying power against their primary first-tier suppliers, but also protect the profitability of all but the most standardized manufacturing functions (Gereffi et al. 2005; Herrigel and Wittke 2007; Kimura 2007; Sturgeon et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialSchamp, E. W. (2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 17
Network and mechanism of China’s new energy vehicle industry from the perspective of value chain
He, Y., Yang, Y., & Wang, S. (2024) · Journal of Geographical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11442-024-2227-x · Cited by 16
“They argued that to ensure timely delivery and leverage economies of scale and low labor costs, production processes tend to regionalize, while research and development concentrate in a few centers (Sturgeon et al ., 2008) In a case study of the BMW Group, Coe et al .”
Chiarvesio, M., Maria, E. D., & Micelli, S. (2013) · Transition Studies Review · doi:10.1007/s11300-013-0287-1 · Cited by 15
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Nagy, J., & Jámbor, Z. (2018) · Economic Annals · doi:10.2298/eka1818061n · Cited by 16
“Last but not least, following Widodo (2009) and Lafay (1992), this paper uses product maps based on Balassa indices and the Trade Balance Index (TBI) to”
BackgroundMethodGeographies of production III: knowledge, cultural economies and work (revisited)
Reimer, S. (2009) · Progress in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/0309132509104807 · Cited by 16
The new competitive advantage of automobile manufacturers
Rugraff, É. (2012) · Journal of strategy and management · doi:10.1108/17554251211276371 · Cited by 18
Khalifah, N. A. (2011) · Journal of International Trade & Economic Development · doi:10.1080/09638199.2011.571702 · Cited by 16
“Thus, the vertical disintegration of foreign firms reflects the behavior of the firms in the automobile industry at the global level, where global sourcing and global suppliers have resulted in the parts sub-sector generating more employment than the assembly sub-sector in the US in the 1990s and early 2000 period (se…”
BackgroundGlobal Value Chains, Business Networks, Strategy, and International Business: Convergences
HUMPHREY, J. D., Todeva, E., Eduardo, A., & Giglio, E. M. (2019) · Review of Business Management · doi:10.7819/rbgn.v21i4.4014 · Cited by 17
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“Furthermore, on a global scale, automakers share research and development, design, and production risks and opportunities with their first-tier suppliers (Sturgeon et al., 2008, pp. 305-307).”
BackgroundAutomotive supply chain digitalization
Fabbe‐Costes, N., & Lechaptois, L. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91614-1.00017-4 · Cited by 17
Butollo, F., & Staritz, C. (2022) · Berliner Journal für Soziologie · doi:10.1007/s11609-022-00479-5 · Cited by 15
“…Anteils an elektronischen Elementen durchaus im globalen Maßstab geschieht, dominiert insgesamt eine intraregionale Produktionsstruktur, in der Endhersteller und weite Teile der Zulieferunternehmen in geografischer Nähe zu den wichtigsten Absatzmärkten angesiedelt sind (Sturgeon et al. 2008).”
BackgroundAbsorptive Capacity as a Mediator: Innovation of Handicraft Exporters in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Fransen, J., & Helmsing, A. H. J. (2016) · Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie · doi:10.1111/tesg.12212 · Cited by 15
Tong, Y.-S. (2017) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.08.020 · Cited by 15
“…production networks by lead firms, as well as the extent, nature and determinants of upgrading in products including toys, garments, beverages, computers and automobiles (see, for example, Gereffi (1999), Kishimoto (2003), Nolan (1999), Ruigrok and van Tulder (1995), Sturgeon et al. (2008)).”
BackgroundSkeete, J.-P. (2019) · Global Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.glt.2019.06.001 · Cited by 14
The World Input-Output Database (WIOD): Construction, Challenges and Applications
Erumban, A. A., Gouma, R., Los, B., Stehrer, R., Timmer, M. P., & de Vries, G. J. (2011) · Cited by 14
Cieślik, E. (2021) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2021.02.001 · Cited by 14
Marques, L., Lontra, P., Wänke, P., & Antunes, J. J. M. (2021) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-03-2020-0114 · Cited by 15
Sancak, M. (2021) · Global Networks · doi:10.1111/glob.12348 · Cited by 14
Schmitt, A., & Biesebroeck, J. V. (2017) · International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management · doi:10.1504/ijatm.2017.082277 · Cited by 14
El huésped no invitado del tlcan: China y la desintegración del comercio en América del Norte
Nations, U. (2013) · Revista de la CEPAL · doi:10.18356/cb28130c-es · Cited by 14
Bollhorn, K., & Franz, M. (2015) · Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie · doi:10.1111/tesg.12164 · Cited by 14
Entrance-exit dynamics of suppliers and the repercussions for reshaping the structure of GVCs/GPNs
Blažek, J., Natsuda, K., & Sýkora, J. (2018) · European Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/09654313.2018.1533529 · Cited by 14
Two dragon heads: contrasting development paths for Beijing and Shanghai
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-6386 · Cited by 14
Global Production Sharing and FDI-Trade Nexus: New Evidence from the Japanese Automobile IndustryPreprint
Nishitateno, S. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2189178 · Cited by 14
“…strategy of MNEs in host countries and are due to transportation costs and foreign currency risks as well as just-in-time management and modularity (Sturgeon et al 2008).2 The important empirical issue relating to intermediate trade is the aggregation bias caused by the nature of the conventional…”
BackgroundThe European value chain network: key regions and Brexit implications
Tsekeris, T. (2020) · European Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/09654313.2020.1850646 · Cited by 13
“…sharing, skill complementarities and coordinated functioning across the EU production networks to fulfil various requirements that business functions have along the value chain (Sturgeon, Van Biesebroeck, and Gereffi 2008), which cannot be accomplished within clusters of individual countries.”
BackgroundMECHANISM OF INNOVATION AND STANDARDIZATION DRIVING COMPANY COMPETITIVENESS IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
Jing, Y., Zhou, L., Qu, Y., Jin, X., & Fang, S. (2023) · Journal of Business Economics and Management · doi:10.3846/jbem.2023.17192 · Cited by 13
Structure and Context: A Multi-Level Approach to Supply Chain Governance
Steinberg, J. (2023) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-111543 · Cited by 15
Kreye, M. E., & Perunović, Z. (2019) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2019.11.018 · Cited by 14
“Network administration typically also has decision making power in terms of punishing lack of contribution or exclusion of an organisation from the innovation network (Sturgeon, Biesebroeck, & Gereffi, 2008).”
BackgroundFu, T., & Cheng, Y. (2022) · Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsac013 · Cited by 13
Why Do Firms Relocate? Lessons from a Regional Analysis
Carrincazeaux, C., & Coris, M. (2015) · European Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/09654313.2015.1048186 · Cited by 13
“Here, we find again the importance of relocations carried out under the constraint of prime manufacturers and with a “cascade” pattern (manufacturers and then sub-contractors as occurs in the automobile industry as underlined by Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
BackgroundThe Economic Theory of International Supply Chains: A Systems View
Casson, M., & Wadeson, N. (2013) · International Journal of the Economics of Business · doi:10.1080/13571516.2013.783514 · Cited by 13
Cruz, M., & Rolim, C. F. C. (2010) · Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsq027 · Cited by 13
Schamp, E. W., & Stamm, A. (2012) · Innovation and Development · doi:10.1080/2157930x.2012.713201 · Cited by 13
“This is rather different from the governance patterns in Japanese or US-American automotive value chains (Sturgeon et al., 2008, p. 308f.).”
BackgroundWhy corporate groups care about company standards
Blind, K., & Müller, J.-A. (2020) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2020.1735658 · Cited by 13
“Through their application, common practices, routines, and non-person-oriented information transfer processes can be implemented that create system stability (Sturgeon, van Biesebroeck, and Gereffi 2008; Festing and Eidems 2011; Gawer and Cusumano 2013; De Casanove and Lambert 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialTransformation of cluster specialization in the wake of globalization
Ingstrup, M. B., & Christensen, P. R. (2017) · Entrepreneurship and Regional Development · doi:10.1080/08985626.2017.1298679 · Cited by 13
“…literature on globalized cluster value chains (Bair and Gereffi 2001; Humphrey and Schmitz 2002; Nadvi and Halder 2005; Sammarra and Belussi 2006; Sturgeon, Biesebroeck, and Gereffi 2008) by addressing the research question: how does cluster specialization transform due to the globalization of…”
BackgroundMashilo, A. M. (2010) · University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Institutional Repository on DSpace (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg) · Cited by 13
Baines, J., & Hager, S. B. (2024) · Socio-Economic Review · doi:10.1093/ser/mwae076 · Cited by 13
“…characterized by the dispersion of tangible production activities to myriad suppliers, the automotive sector remains primarily structured by producer-driven chains led by capital-intensive companies for which the outsourcing of core final assembly activities is limited (Sturgeon et al. , 2008).”
de Faria, A. C., Soares, I. C., Rocha, W., & Rossi, G. B. (2013) · Review of Business Management · doi:10.7819/rbgn.v15i49.1228 · Cited by 12
Castro, T. D., Vlčková, J., & Hnát, P. (2017) · Society and Economy · doi:10.1556/204.2017.39.4.2 · Cited by 12
Veres, P., Illés, B., & Landschützer, C. (2018) · Lecture notes in mechanical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75677-6_57 · Cited by 12
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“European funding and private investment have provided the resources for growth of regional initiatives, such as consortia and clusters, in order to gain critical mass and achieve integration into existing or emerging global value chains and globally driven governance regimes (Sturgeon et al, 2008).”
BackgroundKim, H. M., & O’Connor, K. (2018) · International Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/13563475.2018.1519411 · Cited by 12
“This approach recognizes that most final products are not produced by a single firm, but by multiple firms in collaboration (Sturgeon, Van Biesebroeck, and Gereffi 2008).”
BackgroundAre global value chains merely global? The case of Chinese Provinces in global value chains
Xie, R., Niu, M., Su, B., & Ge, J. (2021) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2021.1886236 · Cited by 12
“Most of the actual manufacturing takes place within regions, such as Factory Asia (Sturgeon, Biesebroeck, and Gereffi 2008), with China assembling parts and components supplied by Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.”
BackgroundPower, enterprise and employment growth in Australian small- and medium-sized manufacturing firms
Tonts, M., Plummer, P. S., & Taylor, M. (2012) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbs004 · Cited by 12
Mehri, D. (2015) · Socio-Economic Review · doi:10.1093/ser/mwu041 · Cited by 12
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Dias, A. V. C., Pereira, M. C., & Britto, G. (2012) · Innovation and Development · doi:10.1080/2157930x.2012.722754 · Cited by 12
“Furthermore, while the global ICT industry is organized in a modular value chain, the global automotive industry is organized in relational value chains (Gereffi et al., 2005; Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
BackgroundThe restructuring of tier 1 automotive suppliers in Europe during the crisis
Manello, A., & Calabrese, G. (2015) · International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management · doi:10.1504/ijatm.2015.067093 · Cited by 12
“Nevertheless, as far as the automotive sector is concerned, the limited codification of production processes, the lack of common standards, and the presence of few worldwide enterprises still prevents the full development of modular systems (Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
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Hassler, M. (2009) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1068/a40238 · Cited by 11
“As such, the setup of production facilities of Japanese automobile firms in countries of the European Union, and in the United States, was highly influenced by the role of the state (see eg Bartlett and Seleny 1998; Dicken, 1992; Sturgeon and Florida, 1999).”
BackgroundEmergence of transnational clusters: Evidence from the Slovak automotive industry
Zámborský, P. (2012) · Journal of East European Management Studies · doi:10.5771/0949-6181-2012-4-464 · Cited by 11
“Sturgeon et al. (2008) have applied cluster and global value chain theory to the world automotive industry and suggested a nested geographic and organizational structure with four levels: A global industry Regional production systems (several nations – i.e. NAFTA or EU) National production systems…”
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Cudny, W., & Horňák, M. (2016) · Bulletin of Geography Socio-economic series · doi:10.1515/bog-2016-0022 · Cited by 11
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hUallacháin, B. Ó., Douma, J., & Kane, K. (2017) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2017.1366652 · Cited by 11
“Beyond noting the location of R&D facilities, however, neither Florida and Kenney (1994) nor Sturgeon et al. (2008) quantified the volume and location of foreign automotive firm invention in the United States.”
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Vlckova, J., & Thakur-Weigold, B. (2019) · International Journal of Emerging Markets · doi:10.1108/ijoem-05-2017-0179 · Cited by 11
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Michalak, A., & Mills, J. K. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA) · doi:10.1109/icma.2019.8816506 · Cited by 11
Human Rights Due Diligence in Global Value Chains
Muchlinski, P., & Lundan, S. M. (2012) · Center for International and Regional Studies (Georgetown University) · doi:10.1108/s1745-8862%282012%290000007011 · Cited by 11
Value Network Transformation - Digital Service Innovation in the Vehicle Industry
Akram, A. (2016) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.4898.4725 · Cited by 11
Hirsch‐Kreinsen, H. (2013) · Nomos eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783845273099-341 · Cited by 11
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“…relevant in the context of the current debate on de-glo-balization and regionalization (Baldwin and Lopez-Gonzalez 2015 Johnson and Noguera 2012; Sturgeon, Van Biesebroeck, and Gere ffi 2008), the shortening of GVCs (Laplume, Petersen, and Pearce 2016) and the halting of international…”
BackgroundJangam, B. P., Rath, B. N., & Ridhwan, M. M. (2023) · Emerging Markets Finance and Trade · doi:10.1080/1540496x.2023.2284304 · Cited by 12
“Sturgeon, Van Biesebroeck, and Gereffi (2008) argues that the governance of GVCs is an important determinant of a country’s export competitiveness.”
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Agostino, M., Brancati, E., Giunta, A., Scalera, D., & Trivieri, F. (2025) · Industry and Innovation · doi:10.1080/13662716.2025.2487508 · Cited by 10
“It is prevalent in industries such as automotive and aerospace, pharmaceutical and biotechnology, luxury fashion and apparel, semiconductors (Florio et al. 2018; Kano 2018; Sturgeon, Van Biesebroeck, and Gereffi 2008).”
MNCs between the Local and the Global: Knowledge Bases, Proximity and Distributed Knowledge Networks
Asheim, B., Ebersberger, B., & Herstad, S. J. (2012) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9780857934338.00014 · Cited by 10
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Zhao, Z., & Zhi, L. (2009) · Chinese Economy · doi:10.2753/ces1097-1475420602 · Cited by 10
“Research and development activities must globalize to meet the demand for product differentiation at competitive price levels in the global marketplace (Sturgeon, Biesebroeck, and Gereffi 2008).”
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Juust, M., Vahter, P., & Varblane, U. (2020) · Journal of East-West Business · doi:10.1080/10669868.2020.1732511 · Cited by 10
“If an FTA affects trade and the coordination costs of organizing international production, the FTA is likely to facilitate further integration in GVCs.”
BackgroundInfluentialGlobal or Regional Value Chains? Evidence from China
Fan, Z., Zhang, Y., & Liao, C. (2019) · International Regional Science Review · doi:10.1177/0160017619835900 · Cited by 10
“…automakers are more inclined to lay out the assembly stages in areas closer to the final market, while parts and components manufacture are deployed in areas surrounding the assembly country, forming a regional automobile production chain in Asia (Sturgeon, Van Biesebroeck, and Gereffi 2008).”
BackgroundMarket Power and Marketisation: Japan and China's Impact on the Iron Ore Market, 50 Years Apart
Massot, P. (2019) · New Political Economy · doi:10.1080/13563467.2019.1613350 · Cited by 10
“…goals and increase bargaining power.12 Coordination capacity is important because coordination is one of the key ways through which market stakeholders affect institutional change (Ostrom 1998, Hall and Soskice 2001, Hall and Gingerich 2004, Sturgeon et al. 2008, Wilson 2013, Radetzki 2013).”
BackgroundProduction Globalization and the Segmentation of the Global Manufacturing Sector*
Mahutga, M. C. (2020) · Sociology of Development · doi:10.1525/sod.2020.6.3.275 · Cited by 9
Building Innovation Capabilities for Sustainable Industrialisation
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Yeung, G. K.-Y., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2022.2062033 · Cited by 10
“In the automotive industry, Sturgeon et al. (2009) highlighted the dominance of a few powerful lead firms, while Sturgeon et al. (2008) pointed out the automotive industry is characterized by a few nested clusters that incorporate both national and regional production systems as well as local…”
BackgroundGlobal value chains, neoliberalism and development practice: Reflections on Kenya's experience
Singh, S. (2023) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.3786 · Cited by 9
Klarin, A., Ray, P. K., Ray, S., & Xiao, Q. (2024) · Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing · doi:10.1108/jbim-04-2023-0195 · Cited by 10
How to Jump Further? Path Dependence and Path-Breaking in an Uneven Industry Space
He, C., & Zhu, S. (2019) · Economic geography · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3447-4_12 · Cited by 9
Developing a local supply chain network: The case of Magyar Suzuki in Hungary
Natsuda, K., Sass, M., & Csonka, L. (2022) · Acta Oeconomica · doi:10.1556/032.2022.00034 · Cited by 9
Srai, J. S. (2016) · Apollo (University of Cambridge) · doi:10.17863/cam.957 · Cited by 9
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Gancarczyk, M., & Bohatkiewicz, J. (2018) · Journal of Entrepreneurship Management and Innovation · doi:10.7341/20181441 · Cited by 9
Cadenas globales de valor Metodología, teoría y debates
Peters, E. D. (2018) · Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Estudios China-México eBooks · doi:10.22201/cechimex.9786073002899p.2018 · Cited by 9
Cluster decline and political lock-ins
Hassink, R. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315648712-23 · Cited by 9
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“In particular, firms in a cluster can mutually benefit from agglomeration through knowledge transfer, efficient logistics and market responses, and forging buyer-supplier relationships (Sturgeon, Van Biesebroeck, and Gereffi 2008).”
BackgroundHow to strategically position European SMEs as part of an electric vehicle technology value chain
Özel, F. M., Davies, H., Ernst, C. S., & Nieuwenhuis, P. (2014) · International Journal of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles · doi:10.1504/ijehv.2014.065728 · Cited by 9
“, 2010) or “regional integration” (Sturgeon et al., 2008) strategies.”
Backgroundvan Tuijl, E., Carvalho, L., van Winden, W., & Jacobs, W. (2012) · European Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.713329 · Cited by 9
“OEMs increasingly demand from their major suppliers to have a global presence as well (Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
BackgroundRugraff, É., & Sass, M. (2016) · Post-Communist Economies · doi:10.1080/14631377.2015.1124552 · Cited by 9
Yawar, S. A., & Seuring, S. A. (2023) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3516 · Cited by 8
Schrage, S., Berti, M., & Grimm, J. (2025) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/01708406251370500 · Cited by 11
“This has also implications for clusters (Sturgeon, Van Biesebroeck, & Gereffi, 2008) and upgrading (Barrientos et al., 2011; Gereffi & Lee, 2016) in GVCs, where interdependencies and relational approaches (Soundararajan et al., 2021; 2025) are stressed, but power-with (Follett, 1924) is not…”
Curran, L. (2025) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lbaf062 · Cited by 8
Digital Transformation of Value Chains: «Smail Curve» Can Become «Scowling»
Dementiev, V. E., Ustyuzhanina, E. V., & Evsukov, S. G. (2018) · Journal of Institutional Studies · doi:10.17835/2076-6297.2018.10.4.058-077 · Cited by 8
Agricultural Production Networks and Upgrading from a Global–Local Perspective: A Review
Yang, X., & Liu, W. (2022) · Land · doi:10.3390/land11101864 · Cited by 8
Gao, B., Liu, W., & Norcliffe, G. B. (2012) · Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.2012.00442.x · Cited by 8
Johns, J., Buckley, P. J., Campling, L., Cook, G., Heß, M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137473110_4 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Sturgeon, T., Van Biesebroeck, J., & Gereffi, G.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Gereffi, G.
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Geography
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-02-29
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 297-321
- ISSN
- 1468-2702 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2710
- OpenAlex
- W2152630760
- Cited by
- 885
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 116.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- lirias.kuleuven.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Economic Geography (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DukeSpace (Duke University) (submittedVersion)
- DukeSpace (Duke University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Global trade, sustainability, and social impact
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Global trade and economics
- Keywords
- global value chains, automotive industry, North America, local content, relational governance, tacit knowledge, outsourcing, lead firms, spatial architecture, industrial clusters, product complexity
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