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Value chains, networks and clusters: reframing the global automotive industry
Open accessAbstract
In this article, we apply global value chain (GVC) analysis to recent trends in the global automotive industry, with special attention paid to the case of North America. We use the three main elements of the GVC framework—firm-level chain governance, power and institutions—to highlight some of the defining characteristics of this important industry. First, national political institutions create pressure for local content, which drives production close to end markets, where it tends to be organized nationally or regionally. Second, in terms of GVC governance, rising product complexity combined with low codifiability and a paucity of industry-level standards has driven buyer–supplier linkages toward the relational form, a governance mode that is more compatible with Japanese than American supplier relations. The outsourcing boom of the 1990s exacerbated this situation. As work shifted to the supply base, lead firms and suppliers were forced to develop relational linkages to support the exchange of complex uncodified information and tacit knowledge. Finally, the small number of hugely powerful lead firms that drive the automotive industry helps to explain why it has been so difficult to develop and set the industry-level standards that could underpin a more loosely articulated spatial architecture. This case study underlines the need for an open, scalable approach to the study of global industries.
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“To some extent, control decisions are impacted by host countries' regulatory environments, particularly when national political institutions create pressure for local content on MNEs that are trying to gain access to large downstream markets in Global value chains emerging economies (Lund-Thomsen & Coe, 2015;Morris & Staritz, 2014;Sturgeon, Van Biesebroeck, & Gereffi, 2008).”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Sturgeon, Van Biesebroeck, & Gereffi, 2008
In the citing paper
“Desire to access large and fast-growing consumer markets drives production activities close to end markets, for example, when host country governments in emerging markets pressure MNEs for local operations (Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Sturgeon et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Sturgeon et al. (2008) followed up with this line of research by examining major American and Japanese automotive lead firms and over 150 suppliers in North America.They found that upgrading of local suppliers was more likely if the GVC network structure moved towards a relational form of power dynamics.”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Sturgeon et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“In a case study of major American and Japanese automotive lead firms and their suppliers, Sturgeon et al. (2008) find that relational governance is necessitated by rising product complexity, low process codifiability and a paucity of industry-level standards.”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Sturgeon et al. (2008)
In the citing paper
“Sturgeon et al. (2008) discuss the impact of home country cultural characteristics on American and Japanese lead firms' abilities to successfully engage in relational governance.”
From Global value chains: A review of the multi-disciplinary literature (2020) · cites this paper as Sturgeon et al. (2008)
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Citations
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Grillitsch, M. (2015) · European Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/09654313.2014.1003796 · Cited by 67
“Further, sector-specific institutions cross regional and national boundaries, especially if firms are embedded in global value chains (e.g. Sturgeon et al., 2008 for the automotive industry).”
BackgroundAlternative value chains for rare earths: The Anglo-deposit developers
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BackgroundValue creation and value capture in the automotive industry: Empirical evidence from Czechia
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“The need for proximity and the resulting savings that accrue to individual suppliers lead to their clustering around assembly plants (Pavlı´nek and Jana´k, 2007; Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
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BackgroundKuang, X., Zhao, F., Hao, H., & Liu, Z. (2017) · Asia Pacific Business Review · doi:10.1080/13602381.2017.1340178 · Cited by 61
Henn, S. (2012) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.10.009 · Cited by 61
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BackgroundDietl, H., Royer, S., & Stratmann, U. (2009) · California Management Review · doi:10.2307/41166492 · Cited by 59
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“…zones (Frick, Rodríguez-Pose, and Wong 2019), supplier parks (Larsson 2002), and clusters of foreign suppliers around foreign assembly plants (Sturgeon, Van Biesebroeck, and Geref fi 2008); regions specialized in extractive industries and exports of raw materials (Bridge 2008);…”
BackgroundReflections on cluster policies
Brakman, S., & van Marrewijk, C. (2013) · Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rst001 · Cited by 58
“In the automotive industry, for example, vertical production linkages range from global levels to the local level (Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
BackgroundVisualizing the GVC research: a co-occurrence network based bibliometric analysis
Liu, L., & Mei, S. (2016) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-016-2100-5 · Cited by 60
“However, it does not imply a paradigm shift from GPN to GVC; in practice these two frameworks are not conflicting and adopted alternatively.”
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The impact of trade policy on global production networks: the solar panel case
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“As a result, we now have a good understanding of the governance structures of GVCs and the implications of these structures for chain actors (Gereffi et al., 2005; Ponte and Sturgeon, 2014; Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
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Nathan, M., Vandore, E., & Voss, G. (2018) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lby018 · Cited by 55
“Researchers have also challenged the notion that clusters are self-contained entities (Bathelt, 2005), emphasising their integration into larger industrial systems such as global value chains (Sturgeon et al., 2008) or production networks (Yeung and Coe, 2015).”
BackgroundComparing knowledge networking in different knowledge bases in Germany
Plum, O., & Hassink, R. (2011) · Papers of the Regional Science Association · doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00362.x · Cited by 54
Baird, I. G., & Quastel, N. (2011) · Annals of the Association of American Geographers · doi:10.1080/00045608.2010.544965 · Cited by 54
“The GPN approach seeks to combine diverse methodological and theoretical approaches such as global commodity chains (GCCs), global value chains (GCVs), and commodity networks ( Reikes, Jensen, and Ponte 2000 ; Hughes 2004 ; Bair 2005, 2008; Ponte and Gibbon 2005 ; Hughes, Wrigley, and Buttle 2008 ; Sturgeon, Van Biese…”
BackgroundSun, Y., Zhou, Y., Lin, G. C. S., & Wei, Y. D. (2011) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2011.632227 · Cited by 52
“Gereffi and his associates (GEREFFI, 1999; GEREFFI et al., 2005; SCHMITZ, 2004; STURGEON et al., 2008; STURGEON, 2002) also articulate the relationships between the different types of network governance structures and supplier upgrading.”
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“…is a global industry in terms of its product usage (Humphrey & Memedovic, 2003; Paul, 2018); however, its production tends to be concentrated into specialized clusters in certain regions of the world (Sturgeon et al., 2008), which has had a lot of political, industrial, and social importance.”
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“[28] Timothy Sturgeon, Johannes Van Biesebroeck, and Gary Gereffi.”
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“…intraregional structures predominate due to the high transport costs of bulky products, the requirements for rapid time-to-market and just-in-time production, and the advantages of the geographical proximity of assembly to the most important sales markets (E-mobil, 2022; Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
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“This process has been helped on its way by the presence of large MNEs that dominate the sector and that have taken advantage of certain regional conditions (Dicken, 2005; Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialAmison, P., & Bailey, D. (2014) · Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsu007 · Cited by 34
“In Treado’s (2010) work on the Pittsburgh steel technology cluster, member firms were linked by the market that they supply rather than the product they produce.”
BackgroundInfluentialKnowledge Spillovers in the Supply Chain: Evidence from the High Tech SectorsPreprint
Isaksson, O. H. D., Simeth, M., & Seifert, R. W. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2560746 · Cited by 34
Mobility business models toward a digital tomorrow: Challenges for automotive manufacturers
Pérez-Moure, H., Lampón, J. F., & Cabanelas, P. (2023) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2023.103309 · Cited by 33
Shifts in Innovation Power to Brazil and India: Insights from the Auto and Software Industries
Lema, R., Quadros, R., & Schmitz, H. (2012) · IDS Research Reports · doi:10.1111/j.2040-0217.2012.00073_2.x · Cited by 34
“In the automotive industry, the offshoring of production functions to emerging markets was already evident from the mid 1970s and increasingly so in the 1980s (Sturgeon et al. 2008).”
BackgroundThe Network Effect of Deglobalisation on European Regions
Giammetti, R., Papi, L., Teobaldelli, D., & Ticchi, D. (2021) · Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsac006 · Cited by 36
Elsner, W., Hocker, G., & Schwardt, H. (2010) · Journal of Economic Issues · doi:10.2753/jei0021-3624440101 · Cited by 37
Lampón, J. F., Pérez-Moure, H., Carballo‐Cruz, F., & Velando-Rodríguez, M.-E. (2024) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2024.102624 · Cited by 33
Economic and Social Upgrading in Global Value Chains and Industrial Clusters: Why Governance Matters
Gereffi, G., & Lee, J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108559423.011 · Cited by 32
Self-citationNAFTA’S uninvited guest: China and the disintegration of North American trade
Nations, U. (2013) · CEPAL review · doi:10.18356/89977cf4-en · Cited by 32
Contorting transformations: Uneven impacts of the U.S.–Mexico automotive industrial complex
Crossa, M. (2021) · Competition & Change · doi:10.1177/10245294211045453 · Cited by 31
“For example, with the outsourcing of the production of auto parts, large firms have turned their focus to the design of vehicle prototypes, which auto parts suppliers are then obliged to adapt to (Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
BackgroundJohns, J. (2021) · Global Networks · doi:10.1111/glob.12349 · Cited by 31
Anzolin, G., Andreoni, A., & Zanfei, A. (2022) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2022.102476 · Cited by 31
Wei, Y. D., Li, J., & Ning, Y. (2010) · Urban Geography · doi:10.2747/0272-3638.31.8.1118 · Cited by 31
“In fact, in the auto industry national political institutions create pressure for local content, which guides production close to end markets (Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
Analysing the knowledge base configuration that drives southwest Saxony’s automotive firms
Plum, O., & Hassink, R. (2012) · European Urban and Regional Studies · doi:10.1177/0969776412454127 · Cited by 31
“…on just one OEM, namely Volkswagen, makes the cluster of small suppliers more vulnerable, particularly since ‘we must question the staying power of smaller, lower tier, local suppliers, however well supported they are by local institutions and inter-firm networks’ (Sturgeon et al., 2008: 306–307).”
BackgroundInfluentialLampón, J. F., & Dueñas, M. D. P. M. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137522 · Cited by 31
Optimizing the Location of R&D and Production Activities: Trends in the Automotive Industry
Colovic, A., & Mayrhofer, U. (2011) · European Planning Studies · doi:10.1080/09654313.2011.586175 · Cited by 31
“…three key features of an industry: the geography and character of linkages in the value chain; the distribution of power among firms and other actors in the value chain; and the role played by institutions in structuring business relationships and industrial location (Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialAuto and car parts production: can the Philippines catch up with Asia?
Ofreneo, R. E. (2015) · Asia Pacific Business Review · doi:10.1080/13602381.2014.990212 · Cited by 30
“However, the auto assembly industry and its twin auto car parts industry have changed radically and continue to evolve since the 1970s (Humprey and Memedovic 2003; Lall 2003; Sturgeon, Biesebroeck, and Gereffi 2008; Sturgeon and Florida 2000; Veloso and Kumar 2002; Wad 2010).”
BackgroundWu, T., Daniel, E. M., Hinton, M., & Quintas, P. (2013) · Supply Chain Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/13598541311318809 · Cited by 31
“For governments, clustering also minimises the infrastructure costs and environmental impacts (Sturgeon et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMeelen, T., Herrmann, A. M., & Faber, J. (2017) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2017.01.013 · Cited by 30
A LITERATURE REVIEW OF CLUSTER THEORY: ARE RELATIONS AMONG CLUSTERS IMPORTANT?
Lu, R., Reve, T., Huang, J., Jian, Z., & Chen, M. (2018) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12255 · Cited by 30
Molnár, E., Kozma, G., Mészáros, M., & Kiss, É. (2020) · Hungarian Geographical Bulletin · doi:10.15201/hungeobull.69.2.4 · Cited by 30
The future of the automotive industry: dangerous challenges or new life for a saturated market?
Simonazzi, A., Sanginés, J. C., & Russo, M. (2020) · doi:10.36687/inetwp141 · Cited by 30
“The requirements of just-in-time production, along with local content and the request by OEMs to their main suppliers to be followed in their new locations (follow sourcing) , led to the increased clustering of especially Tier-1 suppliers around assembly plants (Sturgeon et al, 2008; Pavlínek 2018).”
BackgroundMultimodal route choice in maritime transportation: the case of Korean auto-parts exporters
Woo, S., Kim, S.-N., Kwak, D., Pettit, S., & Beresford, A. K. C. (2017) · Maritime Policy & Management · doi:10.1080/03088839.2017.1344783 · Cited by 30
Investigating the archipelago economy: chains, networks ans the study of uneven development
Heß, M. (2009) · Journal für Entwicklungspolitik · doi:10.20446/jep-2414-3197-25-2-20 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Sturgeon, T., Van Biesebroeck, J., & Gereffi, G.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Gereffi, G.
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Geography
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-02-29
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 297-321
- ISSN
- 1468-2702 (ISSN-L)
- 1468-2710
- OpenAlex
- W2152630760
- Cited by
- 885
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 59 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 116.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- lirias.kuleuven.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Journal of Economic Geography (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DukeSpace (Duke University) (submittedVersion)
- DukeSpace (Duke University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Global trade, sustainability, and social impact
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Global trade and economics
- Keywords
- global value chains, automotive industry, North America, local content, relational governance, tacit knowledge, outsourcing, lead firms, spatial architecture, industrial clusters, product complexity
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