The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dosing and Efficacy of Glutamine Supplementation in Human Exercise and Sport Training
Open accessAbstract
Some athletes can have high intakes of l-glutamine because of their high energy and protein intakes and also because they consume protein supplements, protein hydrolysates, and free amino acids. Prolonged exercise and periods of heavy training are associated with a decrease in the plasma glutamine concentration and this has been suggested to be a potential cause of the exercise-induced immune impairment and increased susceptibility to infection in athletes. However, several recent glutamine feeding intervention studies indicate that although the plasma glutamine concentration can be kept constant during and after prolonged strenuous exercise, the glutamine supplementation does not prevent the postexercise changes in several aspects of immune function. Although glutamine is essential for lymphocyte proliferation, the plasma glutamine concentration does not fall sufficiently low after exercise to compromise the rate of proliferation. Acute intakes of glutamine of approximately 20-30 g seem to be without ill effect in healthy adult humans and no harm was reported in 1 study in which athletes consumed 28 g glutamine every day for 14 d. Doses of up to 0.65 g/kg body mass of glutamine (in solution or as a suspension) have been reported to be tolerated by patients and did not result in abnormal plasma ammonia levels. However, the suggested reasons for taking glutamine supplements (support for immune system, increased glycogen synthesis, anticatabolic effect) have received little support from well-controlled scientific studies in healthy, well-nourished humans.
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“Nevertheless, in terms of mitigating immunodepression after exercise, the available evidence is not sufficiently strong for L-glutamine supplements to be recommended for athletes (for review, see [176]).”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: nutritional considerations for single-stage ultra-marathon training and racing (2019) · cites this paper as [176]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, depleted serum glutamine levels mean less uptake in the intestines leaving the enterocytes more susceptible to intestinal permeability [105].”
From Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes (2016) · cites this paper as [105]
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Citations
Cites
Immune function in sport and exercise
Gleeson, M. (2007) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2007 · Cited by 1,016
Self-citationPostexercise net protein synthesis in human muscle from orally administered amino acids
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Glutamine metabolism in lymphocytes of the rat
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Does glutamine contribute to immunosuppression after major burns?
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Effect of Exercise on Protein Turnover in Man
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Safety and Metabolic Effects of L‐Glutamine Administration in Humans
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Plasma amino acid concentrations in the overtraining syndrome
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ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations
Kerksick, C. M., Wilborn, C. D., Roberts, M. D., Smith-Ryan, A., Kleiner, S. M., Jäger, R., Collins, R., Cooke, M., Davis, J. N., Galvan, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y · Cited by 945
Clark, A., & Mach, N. (2016) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0155-6 · Cited by 583
“However, a high carbohydrate diet does not improve immune function nor it does prevent decreased plasma glutamine concentrations after heavy periods of training [105, 113].”
BackgroundPosition statement. Part two: Maintaining immune health.
Walsh, N. P., Gleeson, M., Pyne, D. B., Nieman, D. C., Dhabhar, F. S., Shephard, R. J., Oliver, S. J., Bermon, S., & Kajėnienė, A. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 365
Self-citationProline Metabolism and Microenvironmental Stress
Phang, J. M., Liu, W., & Zabirnyk, O. (2010) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.012809.104638 · Cited by 303
A Brief Review of Critical Processes in Exercise-Induced Muscular Hypertrophy
Phillips, S. M. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0152-3 · Cited by 281
Metadata
- Authors
- Gleeson, M.
- Affiliations
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gleeson, Michael
- ORCID
- Gleeson, Michael
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-10
- Volume
- 138
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2045S-2049S
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2168025434
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Keywords
- glutamine supplementation, physical activity, athletes, immune function, plasma glutamine, lymphocyte proliferation, dosage, tolerability, glycogen synthesis, blood ammonia
- MeSH terms
- Acid-Base Equilibrium, Communicable Disease Control, Dietary Proteins, Energy Metabolism, Fatigue, Glutamine, Humans, Immune System, Metabolism, Sports, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Dietary Supplements
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