A Population’s Mean Healthy Eating Index-2005 Scores Are Best Estimated by the Score of the Population Ratio when One 24-Hour Recall Is Available1,
Open accessAbstract
The USDA Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI-2005) is a tool to quantify and evaluate the quality of diet consumed by the U.S. population. It comprises 12 components, expressed as ratios of a food group or nutrient to energy intake. The components are scored on a scale from 0 to M, where M is 5, 10, or 20. Ideally, the HEI-2005 is calculated on the basis of the usual dietary intake of an individual. Intake data, collected via a 24-h recall, are often available for only 1 d for each individual. In this article, we examine how best to estimate a population's mean usual HEI-2005 component and total scores when 1 d of dietary information is available for a sample of individuals from the population. Three methods are considered: the mean of individual scores, the score of the mean of individual ratios, and the score of the ratio of total food group or nutrient intake to total energy intake, which we call the population ratio. We investigate via computer simulation which method is the least biased. The simulations are based on statistical modeling of the distributions of intakes reported by 738 women participating in the Eating at America's Table Study. The results show that overall, the score of the population ratio is the preferred method. We therefore recommend that the quality of the U.S. population's diet be assessed and monitored using this method.
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The population-ratio method generates scores that more closely reflect the true population mean than the arithmetic mean of individual-level scores.
“which has been demonstrated to generate scores that more closely reflect the true population mean than the arithmetic mean of individual-level scores.[35]”
From Relationship between food waste, diet quality, and environmental sustainability (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
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Cites
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Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005
SKOLNIK, N., & King, M. (2005) · Family Practice News · doi:10.1016/s0300-7073(05)71075-6 · Cited by 1,071 · see citing works
Development of the Healthy Eating Index-2005
Guenther, P. M., Reedy, J., & Krebs‐Smith, S. M. (2008) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.08.016 · Cited by 751 · see citing works
Self-citationStatistical Methods for Estimating Usual Intake of Nutrients and Foods: A Review of the Theory
Dodd, K. W., Guenther, P. M., Freedman, L. S., Subar, A. F., Kipnis, V., Midthune, D., Tooze, J. A., & Krebs‐Smith, S. M. (2006) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.07.011 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Self-citationTooze, J. A., Midthune, D., Dodd, K. W., Freedman, L. S., Krebs‐Smith, S. M., Subar, A. F., Guenther, P. M., Carroll, R. J., & Kipnis, V. (2006) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2006.07.003 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Self-citationEvaluation of the Healthy Eating Index-2005
Guenther, P. M., Reedy, J., Krebs‐Smith, S. M., & Reeve, B. B. (2008) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.08.011 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Self-citationMean proportion and population proportion: Two answers to the same question?
Krebs‐Smith, S. M., Kott, P. S., & Guenther, P. M. (1989) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(21)02224-0 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [3]Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment National Academy Press Washington DC 2000
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Relationship between food waste, diet quality, and environmental sustainability
Conrad, Z., Niles, M. T., Neher, D. A., Roy, E. D., Tichenor, N. E., & Jahns, L. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195405 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Tugault-Lafleur, C. N., & Black, J. L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030526 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
- Authors
- Freedman, L. S., Guenther, P. M., Krebs-Smith, S. M., & Kott, P. S.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Agriculture (US)
- National Agricultural Statistics Service (US)
- Corresponding author
- Freedman, Laurence S.
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-09
- Volume
- 138
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1725-1729
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2581886
- OpenAlex
- W2164809490
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 CA999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Nutrition, Health, and Society Studies
- Keywords
- Healthy Eating Index-2005, dietary assessment, 24-hour dietary recall, usual dietary intake, population ratio, diet quality, food group intake, nutrient intake, women's diet
- MeSH terms
- Computer Simulation, Diet, Diet Surveys, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Models, Biological, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, United States, Nutrition Assessment, United States Department of Agriculture, Nutrition Policy
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