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Nitrite in Human Saliva. Its Possible Relationship to Nitrosamine Formation23
Abstract
Nitrite was consistently found in human saliva at levels of usually 6-10 ppm. The nitrite level did not seem to be strongly influenced by the composition of a meal, and in some individuals a narrow range of nitrite concentration was maintained for a long time. In agreement with earlier work, parotid ductal saliva was found to be free of nitrite, and a major route of nitrite formation was via microbial reduction of nitrate naturally present in saliva. Exploration of various parameters related to the reduction of nitrate to nitrite did not demonstrate a clear correlation between measurements on individuals and their level of salivary nitrite. The microorganisms responsible for nitrite formation were identified and quantified, and the relationships between nitrate consumption and nitrite formation explored. These complex relationships suggested that the tree nitrite in saliva represents the “spillover” of that formed in microbial cells.
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“Earlier studies reported the half-life of NO2- in blood to be approximately 110 seconds; however, it is now clear that the half life of exogenously administered nitrite can range between 20–30 minutes thus making it a readily available buffering metabolite to maintain NO bioavailability [52, 68, 69].”
From Inorganic nitrite therapy: historical perspective and future directions (2011) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“As such, nitrate dependent nitrite production is predominantly generated from the enterosalivary circulatory system delivery of nitrate to the oral cavity where it is reduced by commensal bacteria nitrate reductase activity present in the digestive system (Figure 2) [49–53].”
From Inorganic nitrite therapy: historical perspective and future directions (2011) · cites this paper as [52]
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Hung, S., Su, C., Lin, H., Huang, C., & Kao, S. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199135 · Cited by 2
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Li, H., Leifert, C., Duncan, C. W., & Golden, M. (1999) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1533/9781845693206.259 · Cited by 2
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Carcinogens in Food and the Delaney Clause
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Nitrate, Nitrite, and Nitrosamines in Animal Products
Archer, M. C. (1982) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-086380-8.50025-9 · Cited by 2
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“Bulk acoustic wave (BAW) sensing devices have been devel oped rapidly and utilized widely as chemical and biomedical microsensors (15,16).”
BackgroundThe Metabolism of Nutrients and Drugs by the Intestinal Microbiota
Goldin, B. R. (2006) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9781420014952-8 · Cited by 1
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Benjamin, N., & Collins, J. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30042-9_6 · Cited by 1
The Utilization of Nitrate and Nitrite by Streptococcus salivarius in the Saliva
Broschinski, L., Fischer, G., Namaschk, A., & Wettig, K. (1987) · Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie Mikrobiologie und Hygiene Series A Medical Microbiology Infectious Diseases Virology Parasitology · doi:10.1016/s0176-6724(87)80136-0 · Cited by 1
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“La mesure des taux salivaires de ni t ra tes et ni tr i tes a 6t6 r6alis6e par plusieurs au teurs [9, 10, 11] et est consid6r6e comme un ind ica teur d 'exposit ion h u n facteur d ' e n v i r o n n e m e n t et en m6me temps h u n haut r isque de cancer gastr ique.”
BackgroundBenjamin, N. (2008) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781845934590.0263
Yoshimura, T. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044452236-8/50016-2
Airborne Nitric Oxide in Health and Disease
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Nitrite Ion : Its role in vasoregulation and host defenses
Björne, H. (2005) · Figshare
25 Years Food Chemistry and Toxicology at the University of Kaiserslautern
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The nitrite-cancer controversy
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“…and several nitrite-producing organisms in human saliva have been identified, including, including Veillonella spp., Staphylococcusss aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, Nocardia spp., Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum and Fusobacterium nucleatum (TANNENBAUM et al., 1974; NIKOV et al., 2003).”
BackgroundO’Gallagher, K., & Webb, A. J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91391-1.00051-0
Wishnok, J. S. (2000) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471238961.1409201823091908.a01
Tongue-coating and mixed saliva obtained from smokers and/or drinkers: nitric oxide/nitrite contents
de Souza, M. R., & Genestra, M. S. (2017) · Cadernos UniFOA · doi:10.47385/cadunifoa.v1i1.1075
2‐Nitropropan [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 1981]
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Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite as Biological Indicators of Health and Disease in Nutritional Studies
Martin, K. R., & Bloomer, R. J. (2022) · Biomarkers in disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81304-8_5-1
Михайловна, У. Т., Венгерович, Н. Г., Ivanova, A. O., Alper, G. A., Анатольевич, Ю. М., Partsernyak, A. S., Yusupov, A. V., & Каспаров, Б. (2025) · Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy · doi:10.17816/brmma646606
Lundberg, J. O., & Bergö, M. O. (2026) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-026-01526-8
Metadata
- Authors
- Tannenbaum, S. R., Sinskey, A. J., Weisman, M., & Bishop, W.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1974-07
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 75-784
- ISSN
- 0027-8874 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2105
- OpenAlex
- W2319869190
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 17.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Salivary Gland Disorders and Functions
- Keywords
- salivary nitrite, nitrosamine formation, nitrate reduction, salivary microorganisms, parotid saliva, dietary nitrate intake
- MeSH terms
- Corynebacterium, Diet, Fusobacterium, Humans, Lactates, Nitrates, Nitrites, Nitrosamines, Nocardia, Oxidation-Reduction, Parotid Gland, Pyruvates, Saliva, Staphylococcus, Veillonella
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