Benign schizotypy?
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the benign features of the schizotypal personality trait, and specifically the proposition that it may underlie what will be referred to as ‘spiritual experience’. It discusses quantifying the spiritual experience, studies and measurement tools, and illustrative case studies of ‘benign schizotypy’.
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Intense spiritual experiences reported by some individuals could not be distinguished phenomenologically from psychotic symptoms; the differences lay in the interpretation and meaning given to these experiences, and in their emotional and behavioural correlates.
“Jackson et al 13,14 found that intense spiritual experiences reported by some individuals could not be distinguished phenomenologically from psychotic symptoms; the differences lay in the interpretation and meaning given to these experiences, and in their emotional and behavioural correlates.”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
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THE CONTINUITY OF PSYCHOTIC EXPERIENCES IN THE GENERAL POPULATION
Johns, L. C., & van Os, J. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00103-9 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
“The existence of lesser states on a distributed continuum in the population may, perhaps, instead of a forme fruste of disease, be better thought of as a risk factor for what clinicians would call disorder (Claridge, 1994, 1997b).”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychosis and autism as diametrical disorders of the social brain
Crespi, B. J., & Badcock, C. R. (2008) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x08004214 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
“Remarkably, a recent study of Asperger syndrome BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2008) 31:3 247”
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“As the PLEs belonging to the first two categories may be considered to be those that cause the greatest concern in terms of clinical care (McCreery and Claridge, 1996; Jackson, 1997), an effort is required to increase our ability to detect PLEs in these two categories, which reflect a more fundamental, underlying dist…”
BackgroundSpiritual Experience and Psychopathology
Fulford, K. W. M., & Jackson, M. C. (1997) · Philosophy, psychiatry & psychology · doi:10.1353/ppp.1997.0002 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
“The original study (Jackson 1991) included a comparison of five subjects selected as above (the "undiagnosed group") with five who had recovered from major psychoses but nonetheless interpreted their experiences in strongly spiritual terms (the "diagnosed group").”
BackgroundSelf-citationDelusional ideation in religious and psychotic populations
PETERS, E. R., Day, S., Mckenna, J., & ORBACH, G. (1999) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466599162683 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“For instance, it has been found that certain identi®able groupsof people have elevated scores on positive symptommeasures, such as those who believe in the paranormal (Thalbourne, 1994) ; those who have out-of-body experiences (McCreery & Claridge, 1995) ; members of certain ` cults ’ " or New Religious Movements (NRM…”
BackgroundSchizotypy and mental health amongst poets, visual artists, and mathematicians
Nettle, D. (2005) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.09.004 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Peters, E., Ward, T., Jackson, M., Morgan, C., Charalambides, M., McGuire, P., Woodruff, P., Jacobsen, P., Chadwick, P., & Garety, P. A. (2016) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20301 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationIs there a continuum of psychotic experiences in the general population?
van Os, J. (2003) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00003067 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Brouwer, A., & Carhart-Harris, R. L. (2020) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881120959637 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“According to the model presented here, the framing of psychosis as pathological and spiritual experience as psychologically beneficial, obscures their common relationship to the PiMS (Jackson, 1997).”
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Rephrasing the madness and creativity debate: What is the nature of the creativity construct?
Glazer, E. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.021 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Affective reactions to auditory hallucinations in psychotic, evangelical and control groups
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“For example, Jackson (1997) found no clear borderline differentiating psychotic and spiritual experiences.”
BackgroundKnežević, G., Savić, D., Kutlesic, V., & Opačić, G. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.06.001 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Moreover, Disintegration-like phenomena have been found to have many interesting relationships with variables outside of the field of psychopathology, such as spiritual experiences (Jackson, 1997), paranormal beliefs (Goulding, 2005), generative, but not evaluative creative”
BackgroundSpirituality, dimensional autism, and schizotypal traits: The search for meaning
Crespi, B. J., Dinsdale, N. L., Read, S., & Hurd, P. L. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213456 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Moritz, S., Gawęda, Ł., Heinz, A., & Gallinat, J. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001740 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…impairments, symptoms, or biases may indeed precede later psychosis, a large subgroup will remain happy (McCreery, 1993) or benign schizotypes (Jackson, 1997), and either the abnormalities will subside on their own (developmental transitional syndrome in adolescence) or will develop other…”
BackgroundThe contribution of temperament and character to schizotypy multidimensionality
Daneluzzo, E., Stratta, P., & Rossi, A. (2004) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.010 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The incidence of schizotypy in new religious movements
Day, S., & PETERS, E. R. (1999) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(98)00218-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Jones, S. H., Guy, A., & Ormrod, J. A. (2003) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1348/147608303765951212 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Personality traits, personality disorders and sensational interests in mentally disordered offenders
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“In our study schizotypal personality disorder loaded highly on the ‘asocial’ factor (Chequers, Joseph, & Diduca, 1997; Claridge, 1997; Jackson 1997).”
BackgroundSchizotypy and Religiosity: The Magic of Prayer
Breslin, M. J., & Lewis, C. A. (2015) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/15736121-12341300 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“None of the 13 previous studies (Day & Peters, 1999; Diduca & Joseph, 1997; Hancock & Tiliopoulos, 2010; Jackson, 1997; Joseph et al., 2002; Lesmana & Tiliopoulos, 2009; Maltby & Day, 2002; Maltby et al., 2000; Mohr & Huguelet, 2004; Peters et al., 1999; Piedmont, 2009; Tiliopoulos & Bikker, 2013;…”
BackgroundReasoning in Believers in the Paranormal
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“…those who have out-of-body experiences (McCreery and Claridge, 1995), members of certain New Religious Movements (Day and Peters, 1999), and those who have profound religious experiences (Jackson, 1997) have all been found to display higher levels of positive, but not negative, symptomatology.”
BackgroundUnusual but sound minds: Mental health indicators in spiritual individuals
Farias, M., Underwood, R., & Claridge, G. (2013) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02128.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“…that modern believers are characterized by ideas and experiences that largely fall under the description of benign positive schizotypy (e.g., Jackson, 1997), Granqvist and colleagues have suggested that individuals may be drawn to spirituality as a form of emotional compensation for an…”
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Knežević, G., Lazarević, L. B., Bošnjak, M., Purić, D., Petrović, B., Teovanović, P., Opačić, G., & Bodroža, B. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.044 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
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“Some studies have researched the link between religious and spiritual involvement, anomalous or paranormal experiences and psychological distress, and found some support for the thesis that they are significantly correlated with psychological disturbances (Day & Peters, 1999; Jackson, 1997).”
ResultReligious orientation and schizotypal traits
Maltby, J., Garner, I., Lewis, C., & Day, L. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00090-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Knežević, G., Lazarević, L. B., Bošnjak, M., & Keller, J. (2022) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1537 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Holt, N. J., Simmonds-Moore, C. A., & Moore, S. L. (2008) · UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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Maltby, J., & Day, L. (2002) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674670210144103 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Though fragmented, the present ndings expand on the ndings of Maltby et al. (2000) and Jackson (1991, 1997), by finding aspects of religiosity related to the majority of schizotypy personality traits.”
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“Simon’s case was reported originally by the British psychologist, Mike Jackson [Jackson, 1997].”
BackgroundPsychopathologie et expériences exceptionnelles : une revue de la littérature
Évrard, R. (2013) · L Évolution Psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.evopsy.2013.01.006 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Janus face of schizotypy: Enhanced spiritual connection or existential despair?
Unterrainer, ., & Lewis, A. J. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.028 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“%) who identified as Christians, 29 (7.2”
InfluentialDisintegration as an Additional Trait in the Psychobiological Model of Personality
Lazarević, L. B., Bošnjak, M., Knežević, G., Petrović, B., Purić, D., Teovanović, P., Opačić, G., & Bodroža, B. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000254 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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“In particular, Fulford and Radoilska (2012) observe that not all delusions are clinically significant—on the contrary, epidemiological studies reveal that “non-pathological psychotic disturbances” are “widespread in the general population” (see Jackson, 1997; Johns & Van Os, 2001).”
BackgroundSchizotypy and mental health in the general population: A pilot study
Goulding, A., & Ödéhn, N. (2009) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.86 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Centrality of Religiosity, Schizotypy, and Human Values: The Impact of Religious Affiliation
Hanel, P., Demmrich, S., & Wolfradt, U. (2019) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel10050297 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…that focuses on the religious experience-unusual experiences-continuum, many studies found a link between religious experience and schizotypy (Jackson 1997, 2001), especially to magical ideation/thinking (Breslin and Lewis 2017; Maltby and Day 2002; Unterrainer et al. 2011) and unusual…”
BackgroundThe Third Revolution: Philosophy into Practice in Twenty-first Century Psychiatry
Fulford, K. B., & Stanghellini, G. (2008) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Social Effects of Psychism: Spiritual Experience and the Construction of Privatized Religion
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“effects as intensifying evangelism (Polomaand Pendleton 1989), improving mental or physical health (Kass et al. 1991; Lindgren and Coursey 1995; Jackson 1997; Fallot 2001), and reinforcing the beliefs and commitment to the organization that created them (Howell 1997; Tumminia 2002).”
BackgroundMethodThe creative process: A phenomenological and psychometric investigation of artistic creativity
Nelson, C. B. (2005) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Narcissism – The shadow of transpersonal psychology
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“Students of Claridge led a strand of research that took a fresh look at psychotic experience and directly juxtaposed it with spiritual or creative experience, with startling results (Chadwick, 1992, 2010; Jackson, 1997, 2010).”
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Fulford, K. W. M., & Radoilska, L. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199595426.003.0018 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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“The labels “happy” (McCreery, 1993) or “benign schizotypy” (Jackson, 1997) have been proposed for such cases.”
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Examining the relationship between schizotypy and religious experience among Irish adults
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“Of the studies reviewed (Day & Peters, 1999; Diduca & Joseph, 1997; Hancock & Tiliopoulos, 2010; Jackson, 1997; Joseph, Smith, & Diduca, 2002; Lesmana & Tiliopoulos, 2009; Maltby & Day, 2002; Maltby, Garner, Lewis, & Day, 2000; Mohr & Huguelet, 2004; Peters, Day, McKenna, & Orbach, 1999; Piedmont,…”
BackgroundThe Cultural Context of Stage Models of Religious Experience
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“Thus Locke and Kelly (1985) tried to make generalizations about the physiological reality of altered states of consciousness while taking account of the extremely complicating cultural factors at work. The existential crisis emphasized by Edwards and Lowis is certainly experienced by a very large proportion of humanki…”
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“…& Reiss, 2002; Powers & Corlett, 2018; Ross & McKay, 2018), the relationship between trait schizotypy and spirituality (Crespi et al., 2019; Jackson, 1997; Willard & Norenzayan, 2017), the relevance of spiritual experience to clinical diagnosis and treatment of psychosis, and how to…”
Insightlessness, the Deflationary Turn
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“Even higher incidence rates have been identified amongst individuals who believe in the paranormal (Thalbourne, 1994), have profound religious experiences (Jackson, 1997), or are members of 'new religious movements' (Day & Peters, 1999).”
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“His story is one of a series collected by the British psychologist Mike Jackson (1997).”
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“…such as altered self-experience, magical thinking, and perceptual abnormalities (Crespi et al., 2019 ; Grof & Grof, 1989 ; Hunt, 2000 , 2007 ; Jackson, 1997 ; Lukoff, 1985 , 2007 , 2019 ; Parnas & Henriksen, 2016 ; Powers & Corlett, 2018 ; Ross & McKay, 2018 ; Willard & Norenzayan, 2017 ),…”
Психология паранормального опыта: убеждения, переживания и репрезентации в современной РоссииPreprint
ванХааске, Л. (2026) · doi:10.24108/preprints-3115293
- Authors
- Jackson, M.
- Corresponding author
- Jackson, Michael
- Venue
- Schizotypy
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Published
- 1997-05
- Pages
- 227-250
- OpenAlex
- W3016507149
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 11.36
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- de
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Keywords
- schizotypy, spiritual experience, case studies
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