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The SILCC (SImulating the LifeCycle of molecular Clouds) project – I. Chemical evolution of the supernova-driven ISM
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The SILCC (SImulating the Life-Cycle of molecular Clouds) project aims to self-consistently understand the small-scale structure of the interstellar medium (ISM) and its link to galaxy evolution. We simulate the evolution of the multiphase ISM in a (500 pc)2 × ±5 kpc region of a galactic disc, with a gas surface density of |$\Sigma _{_{\rm GAS}} = 10 \;{\rm M}_{\odot }\,{\rm pc}^{-2}$|. The flash 4 simulations include an external potential, self-gravity, magnetic fields, heating and radiative cooling, time-dependent chemistry of H2 and CO considering (self-) shielding, and supernova (SN) feedback but omit shear due to galactic rotation. We explore SN explosions at different rates in high-density regions (peak), in random locations with a Gaussian distribution in the vertical direction (random), in a combination of both (mixed), or clustered in space and time (clus/clus2). Only models with self-gravity and a significant fraction of SNe that explode in low-density gas are in agreement with observations. Without self-gravity and in models with peak driving the formation of H2 is strongly suppressed. For decreasing SN rates, the H2 mass fraction increases significantly from <10 per cent for high SN rates, i.e. 0.5 dex above Kennicutt–Schmidt, to 70–85 per cent for low SN rates, i.e. 0.5 dex below KS. For an intermediate SN rate, clustered driving results in slightly more H2 than random driving due to the more coherent compression of the gas in larger bubbles. Magnetic fields have little impact on the final disc structure but affect the dense gas (n ≳ 10 cm−3) and delay H2 formation. Most of the volume is filled with hot gas (∼80 per cent within ±150 pc). For all but peak driving a vertically expanding warm component of atomic hydrogen indicates a fountain flow. We highlight that individual chemical species populate different ISM phases and cannot be accurately modelled with temperature-/density-based phase cut-offs.
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“The molecular edge in the north-western side encapsulates the radio emission, suggesting that the molecular gas could have been advected upwards by a shock (Walch et al. 2015) or advected up and then slid down along the edge of the shock surrounding a super-bubble (Suchkov et al. 1994; Mac Low & Ferrara 1999; Roy et al. 2016).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Walch et al. 2015
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Seifried, D., Sánchez-Monge, Á., Suri, S., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx399 · Cited by 20
Self-citationSILCC-Zoom: the dynamic balance in molecular cloud substructures
Ganguly, S., Walch, S., Clarke, S. D., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae032 · Cited by 20
Self-citationIFU investigation of possible Lyman continuum escape from Mrk 71/NGC 2366
Micheva, G., Herenz, E. C., Roth, M. M., et al. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834838/pdf · Cited by 20
Self-citationRöllig, M., & Ossenkopf, V. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141854 · Cited by 25
IFU investigation of possible Lyman continuum escape from Mrk 71/NGC 2366
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Self-citationMetallicity evolution of direct collapse black hole hosts: CR7 as a case study
Agarwal, B., Johnson, J. L., Khochfar, S., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx794 · Cited by 19
Self-citationLarge-scale turbulent driving regulates star formation in high-redshift gas-rich galaxies
Brucy, N., Hennebelle, P., Colman, T., et al. (2023) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244915/pdf · Cited by 19
On the extraction of the power-law parts of probability density functions in star-forming clouds
Veltchev, T. V., Girichidis, P., Donkov, S., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2151 · Cited by 19
Self-citationSimulating Gas Inflow at the Disk–Halo Interface
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Why are thermally and cosmic ray-driven galactic winds fundamentally different?
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The turbulent life of dust grains in the supernova-driven, multiphase interstellar medium
Peters, T., Zhukovska, S., Naab, T., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx341 · Cited by 17
Self-citationVijayan, A., Krumholz, M. R., & Wibking, B. D. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3816 · Cited by 17
The Fornax 3D project: dust mix and gas properties in the centre of early-type galaxy FCC 167
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LOC program for line radiative transfer
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Radiation transport methods in star formation simulations
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Self-citationJWST MIRI and NIRCam observations of NGC 891 and its circumgalactic medium
Chastenet, J., Looze, I. D., Relaño, M., Dale, D. A., Williams, T. G., Bianchi, S., Xilouris, E. M., Baes, M., Bolatto, A. D., Boyer, M. L., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451033 · Cited by 16
Self-citationKoepferl, C. M., & Robitaille, T. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8666 · Cited by 16
Wareing, C. J., Falle, S. A. E. G., & Pittard, J. M. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz768 · Cited by 16
The Cloud Factory II: gravoturbulent kinematics of resolved molecular clouds in a galactic potential
Izquierdo, A. F., Smith, R. J., Glover, S. C. O., Klessen, R. S., Treß, R. G., Sormani, M. C., Clark, P. C., Duarte-Cabral, A., & Zucker, C. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3470 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Walch, S., Girichidis, P., Naab, T., Gatto, A., Glover, S. C. O., Wünsch, R., Klessen, R. S., Clark, P. C., Peters, T., Derigs, D., & Baczynski, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Cologne (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (DE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Czech Academy of Sciences (CZ)
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Walch, S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-09-18
- Volume
- 454
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 246-276
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2144418467
- Semantic Scholar
- 5552a9a34c63503794c25f4389441ea16aab30f2
- Cited by
- 366
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 16
- FWCI
- 20.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- ASEP (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Keywords
- interstellar medium, supernova feedback, molecular clouds, interstellar chemistry, molecular hydrogen formation, self-gravity, magnetic field, supernova rate, Kennicutt-Schmidt relation, hot gas, Galactic disc, radiative cooling
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