The DOI matches its Crossref record; 100 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Romulus cosmological simulations: a physical approach to the formation, dynamics and accretion models of SMBHs
Open accessAbstract
We present a novel implementation of supermassive black hole (SMBH) formation, dynamics and accretion in the massively parallel tree+SPH code, ChaNGa. This approach improves the modelling of SMBHs in fully cosmological simulations, allowing for a more detailed analysis of SMBH-galaxy co-evolution throughout cosmic time. Our scheme includes novel, physically motivated models for SMBH formation, dynamics and sinking timescales within galaxies and SMBH accretion of rotationally supported gas. The sub-grid parameters that regulate star formation (SF) and feedback from SMBHs and SNe are optimized against a comprehensive set of z = 0 galaxy scaling relations using a novel, multidimensional parameter search. We have incorporated our new SMBH implementation and parameter optimization into a new set of high-resolution, large-scale cosmological simulations called Romulus. We present initial results from our flagship simulation, Romulus25, showing that our SMBH model results in SF efficiency, SMBH masses and global SF and SMBH accretion histories at high redshift that are consistent with observations. We discuss the importance of SMBH physics in shaping the evolution of massive galaxies and show how SMBH feedback is much more effective at regulating SF compared to SNe feedback in this regime. Further, we show how each aspect of our SMBH model impacts this evolution compared to more common approaches. Finally, we present a science application of this scheme studying the properties and time evolution of an example dual active galactic nucleus system, highlighting how our approach allows simulations to better study galaxy interactions and SMBH mergers in the context of galaxy-BH co-evolution.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
Planck Collaboration, Ade, P. A. R., Aghanim, N., Arnaud, M., Ashdown, M., Aumont, J., Baccigalupi, C., Banday, A. J., Barreiro, R. B., Bartlett, J. G., et al. (2015) · arXiv · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1502.01589 · Cited by 10,720
On the variation of the initial mass function
Kroupa, P. (2001) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04022.x · Cited by 7,499
The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star‐forming Galaxies
Calzetti, D., Armus, L., Bohlin, R. C., Kinney, A. L., Koornneef, J., & Storchi‐Bergmann, T. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/308692 · Cited by 5,717
Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies
Kormendy, J., & Ho, L. C. (2013) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101811 · Cited by 4,196
Croton, D. J., Springel, V., White, S. D. M., De Lucia, G., Frenk, C. S., Gao, L., Jenkins, A., Kauffmann, G., Navarro, J. F., & Yoshida, N. (2006) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09675.x · Cited by 3,685
The EAGLE project: simulating the evolution and assembly of galaxies and their environments
Schaye, J., Crain, R. A., Bower, R. G., Furlong, M., Schaller, M., Theuns, T., Dalla Vecchia, C., Frenk, C. S., McCarthy, I. G., Helly, J. C., et al. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2058 · Cited by 3,601
Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies
Di Matteo, T., Springel, V., & Hernquist, L. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03335 · Cited by 3,353
THE AVERAGE STAR FORMATION HISTORIES OF GALAXIES IN DARK MATTER HALOS FROM z = 0-8
Behroozi, P. S., Wechsler, R. H., & Conroy, C. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/770/1/57 · Cited by 2,167
Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host GalaxiesPreprint
Kormendy, J., & Ho, L. C. (2013) · Cited by 1,878
On the Black Hole Mass-Bulge Mass Relation
Hring, N., & Rix, H.-W. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/383567 · Cited by 1,626
Cited by
The IllustrisTNG simulations: public data release
Nelson, D., Springel, V., Pillepich, A., Rodriguez-Gomez, V., Torrey, P., Genel, S., Vogelsberger, M., Pakmor, R., Marinacci, F., Weinberger, R., et al. (2019) · Computational Astrophysics and Cosmology · doi:10.1186/s40668-019-0028-x · Cited by 1,436
Simulating galaxy formation with black hole driven thermal and kinetic feedback
Weinberger, R., Springel, V., Hernquist, L., Pillepich, A., Marinacci, F., Pakmor, R., Nelson, D., Genel, S., Vogelsberger, M., Naiman, J., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2944 · Cited by 1,258
simba: Cosmological simulations with black hole growth and feedback
Davé, R., Anglés-Alcázar, D., Narayanan, D., Li, Q., Rafieferantsoa, M. H., & Appleby, S. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz937 · Cited by 1,111
The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes
Inayoshi, K., Visbal, E., & Haiman, Z. (2020) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-120419-014455 · Cited by 665
Cosmological simulations of galaxy formation
Vogelsberger, M., Marinacci, F., Torrey, P., & Puchwein, E. (2020) · Nature Reviews Physics · doi:10.1038/s42254-019-0127-2 · Cited by 614
Metadata
- Authors
- Tremmel, M., Karcher, M., Governato, F., Volonteri, M., Quinn, T. R., Pontzen, A., Anderson, L., & Bellovary, J.
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-05-15
- Volume
- 470
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1121-1139
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2513906506
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 100
- FWCI
- 13.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Romulus cosmological simulations: a physical approach to the formation, dynamics and accretion models of SMBHs. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/mnras/stx1160
- The paper
- Tremmel, M., Karcher, M., Governato, F., Volonteri, M., Quinn, T. R., Pontzen, A., Anderson, L., & Bellovary, J. (2017). The Romulus cosmological simulations: a physical approach to the formation, dynamics and accretion models of SMBHs. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1160
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
