The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of primer-template mismatches on the polymerase chain reaction: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 model studies
Open accessAbstract
We investigated the effects of various primer-template mismatches on DNA amplification of an HIV-1 gag region by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Single internal mismatches had no significant effect on PCR product yield while those at the 3'-terminal base had varied effects. A:G, G:A, and C:C mismatches reduced overall PCR product yield about 100-fold, A:A mismatches about 20-fold. All other 3'-terminal mismatches were efficiently amplified, although the G:G mismatches appeared to be more sensitive to sequence context and dNTP concentrations than other mismatches. It should be noted that mismatches of T with either G, C, or T had a minimal effect on PCR product yield. Double mismatches within the last four bases of a primer-template duplex where one of the mismatches is at the 3' terminal nucleotide, in general, reduced PCR product yield dramatically. The presence of a mismatched T at the 3'-terminus, however, allowed significant amplification even when coupled with an adjacent mismatch. Furthermore, even two mismatched Ts at the 3'-terminus allowed efficient amplification.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Primer-Directed Enzymatic Amplification of DNA with a Thermostable DNA Polymerase
Saiki, R. K., Gelfand, D. H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S. J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G. T., Mullis, K. B., & Erlich, H. A. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2448875 · Cited by 17,719
Saiki, R. K., Scharf, S., Faloona, F., Mullis, K. B., Horn, G. T., Erlich, H. A., & Arnheim, N. (1985) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2999980 · Cited by 8,956
Comparison between DNA melting thermodynamics and DNA polymerase fidelity.
Petruska, J., Goodman, M. F., Boosalis, M. S., Sowers, L. C., Cheong, C., & Tinoco, I. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.17.6252 · Cited by 316
Cited by
Quick, J., Grubaugh, N. D., Pullan, S. T., Claro, I. M., Smith, A. D., Gangavarapu, K., Oliveira, G., Robles-Sikisaka, R., Rogers, T. F., Beutler, N. A., et al. (2017) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2017.066 · Cited by 1,190
PrimerBank: a PCR primer database for quantitative gene expression analysis, 2012 update
Wang, X., Spandidos, A., Wang, H., & Seed, B. (2012) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkr1013 · Cited by 720
Hofreiter, M. (2001) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/29.23.4793 · Cited by 684
Biochemical Basis of DNA Replication Fidelity
Goodman, M. F., Creighton, S., Bloom, L. B., Petruska, J., & Kunkel, T. A. (1993) · Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.3109/10409239309086792 · Cited by 446
Stadhouders, R., Pas, S. D., Anber, J., Voermans, J., Mes, T. H. M., & Schutten, M. (2010) · The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.2353/jmoldx.2010.090035 · Cited by 399
Metadata
- Authors
- Kwok, S., Kellogg, D. E., McKinney, N., Spasic, D., Goda, L., Levenson, C., & Sninsky, J. J.
- Venue
- Nucleic Acids Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 999-1005
- ISSN
- 0305-1048 (ISSN-L)
- 1362-4962
- OpenAlex
- W1979388953
- Cited by
- 1,036
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 18.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Effects of primer-template mismatches on the polymerase chain reaction: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 model studies. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/nar/18.4.999
- The paper
- Kwok, S., Kellogg, D. E., McKinney, N., Spasic, D., Goda, L., Levenson, C., & Sninsky, J. J. (1990). Effects of primer-template mismatches on the polymerase chain reaction: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 model studies. Nucleic Acids Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/18.4.999
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
