The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 8 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Geno2pheno: estimating phenotypic drug resistance from HIV-1 genotypes
Open accessAbstract
Therapeutic success of anti-HIV therapies is limited by the development of drug resistant viruses. These genetic variants display complex mutational patterns in their pol gene, which codes for protease and reverse transcriptase, the molecular targets of current antiretroviral therapy. Genotypic resistance testing depends on the ability to interpret such sequence data, whereas phenotypic resistance testing directly measures relative in vitro susceptibility to a drug. From a set of 650 matched genotype-phenotype pairs we construct regression models for the prediction of phenotypic drug resistance from genotypes. Since the range of resistance factors varies considerably between different drugs, two scoring functions are derived from different sets of predicted phenotypes. Firstly, we compare predicted values to those of samples derived from 178 treatment-naive patients and report the relative deviance. Secondly, estimation of the probability density of 2000 predicted phenotypes gives rise to an intrinsic definition of a susceptible and a resistant subpopulation. Thus, for a predicted phenotype, we calculate the probability of membership in the resistant subpopulation. Both scores provide standardized measures of resistance that can be calculated from the genotype and are comparable between drugs. The geno2pheno system makes these genotype interpretations available via the Internet (http://www.genafor.org/).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Wu, Y. (1999) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1999.10485951 · Cited by 27,221
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase and Protease Sequence Database
Shafer, R. W., Stevenson, D., & Chan, B. (1999) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/27.1.348 · Cited by 907
Human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase and protease sequence database
Rhee, S.-Y. (2003) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkg100 · Cited by 817
DeGruttola, V., Dix, L., D'Aquila, R., Holder, D., Phillips, A., Ait-Khaled, M., Baxter, J., Clevenbergh, P., Hammer, S., Harrigan, R., et al. (2000) · Antiviral Therapy · doi:10.1177/135965350000500112 · Cited by 326
HIV Treatment Failure: Testing for HIV Resistance in Clinical Practice
Perrin, L., & Telenti, A. (1998) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.280.5371.1871 · Cited by 193
Managing Resistance to Anti-HIV Drugs: An Important Consideration for Effective Disease Management
Vandamme, A., Laethem, K. V., & Clercq, E. D. (1999) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-199957030-00006 · Cited by 97
Sevin, A. D., DeGruttola, V. G., Nijhuis, M., Schapiro, J., Foulkes, A. S., Para, M. F., & Boucher, C. A. (2000) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/315673 · Cited by 80
Methods for optimizing antiviral combination therapies
Beerenwinkel, N., Lengauer, T., Däumer, M., et al. (2003) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btg1001 · Cited by 57
Self-citation
Cited by
ROCR: visualizing classifier performance in R
Sing, T., Sander, O., Beerenwinkel, N., & Lengauer, T. (2005) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti623 · Cited by 3,200
Self-citationClinical Metagenomic Sequencing for Diagnosis of Meningitis and Encephalitis
Wilson, M. R., Sample, H. A., Zorn, K. C., Arevalo, S., Yu, G., Neuhaus, J., Federman, S., Stryke, D., Briggs, B., Langelier, C., et al. (2019) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1803396 · Cited by 1,067
Web Resources for HIV Type 1 Genotypic-Resistance Test Interpretation
Liu, T. F., & Shafer, R. W. (2006) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/503914 · Cited by 654
Hirsch, M. S., Günthard, H. F., Schapiro, J. M., Brun‐Vézinet, F., Clotet, B., Hammer, S. M., Johnson, V. A., Kuritzkes, D. R., Mellors, J. W., Pillay, D., et al. (2008) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/589297 · Cited by 573
Pineda-Peña, A.-C., Faria, N. R., Imbrechts, S., Libin, P., Abecasis, A. B., Deforche, K., Gómez-López, A., Camacho, R. J., de Oliveira, T., & Vandamme, A.-M. (2013) · Infection, Genetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.032 · Cited by 383
Metadata
- Authors
- Beerenwinkel, N.
- Venue
- Nucleic Acids Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-07-01
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 3850-3855
- ISSN
- 0305-1048 (ISSN-L)
- 1362-4962
- OpenAlex
- W1988215875
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 8
- FWCI
- 7.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Geno2pheno: estimating phenotypic drug resistance from HIV-1 genotypes. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/nar/gkg575
- The paper
- Beerenwinkel, N. (2003). Geno2pheno: estimating phenotypic drug resistance from HIV-1 genotypes. Nucleic Acids Research. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkg575
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.