Does nicotine replacement therapy cause cancer? Evidence from the Lung Health Study

Murray, R. P.; Connett, J. E.; Zapawa, L. M.

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntp104

Cited by 93Smoking Behavior and CessationLung Cancer Diagnosis and TreatmentCarcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment

Does nicotine replacement therapy cause cancer? Evidence from the Lung Health Study

Open access

Murray, R. P., Connett, J. E., Zapawa, L. M.·2009·Nicotine & Tobacco Research

DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntp104PMC PMC2725009

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Recent genetic evidence has implicated nicotine as a possible cause of cancer, suggesting the need to examine the potential contributions of nicotine itself to cancer versus the confounding effects of addiction and thus exposures to known carcinogens. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between nicotine replacement therapy, smoking, and cancer outcomes. METHODS: The Lung Health Study enrolled 5,887 participants in a randomized trial to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The present study used surveillance data on 3,320 intervention participants who enrolled in the Lung Health Study for 5 years and who were then followed by the Lung Cancer Substudy for 7.5 years. Nicotine replacement therapy use and smoking exposure were recorded during the 5-year Lung Health Study trial. Surveillance for lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer (including oral cancers), and all cancers began following the Lung Health Study. RESULTS: Adjusted Cox proportional hazards regressions assessed the hazards of nicotine replacement therapy and smoking for each diagnosis group. In the adjusted models for lung cancer, nicotine replacement therapy alone was not a significant predictor (p = .57), while smoking during the Lung Health Study was a significant predictor (p = .03). When nicotine replacement therapy and smoking were entered in the same model, nicotine replacement therapy remained not significant (p = .25) and smoking was clearly significant (p = .02). Nicotine replacement therapy and smoking were not significant predictors of cancer in the models for gastrointestinal cancer or all cancers. DISCUSSION: Although the surveillance time was short, smoking predicted cancer in this analysis and nicotine replacement therapy did not.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/ntr/ntp104

Cites

25 of 25 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Studies that have looked at long-term NRT use suggest it is safe and any associated health risks are small, certainly compared with continued smoking.
“the studies that have looked at this issue suggest that long-term NRT use is safe and any associated health risks are small, 76 certainly compared with continued smoking.77,78”
From Evaluating Long-term Outcomes of NHS Stop Smoking Services (ELONS): a prospective cohort study (2015) · cites this paper as [77]

A variant associated with nicotine dependence, lung cancer and peripheral arterial disease
Thorgeirsson, T. E., Geller, F., Sulem, P., Rafnar, T., Wiste, A., Magnusson, K. P., Manolescu, A., Thorleifsson, G., Stefansson, H., Ingason, A., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06846 · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
Genome-wide association scan of tag SNPs identifies a susceptibility locus for lung cancer at 15q25.1
Amos, C. I., Wu, X., Broderick, P., Gorlov, I. P., Gu, J., Eisen, T., Dong, Q., Zhang, Q., Gu, X., Vijayakrishnan, J., et al. (2008) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.109 · Cited by 1,310 · see citing works
A susceptibility locus for lung cancer maps to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes on 15q25
Hung, R. J., McKay, J. D., Gaborieau, V., Boffetta, P., Hashibe, M., Zaridze, D., Mukeria, A., Szeszenia-Dabrowska, N., Lissowska, J., Rudnai, P., et al. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06885 · Cited by 1,275 · see citing works
The Effects of a Smoking Cessation Intervention on 14.5-Year Mortality: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Anthonisen, N. R., Skeans, M. A., Wise, R. A., Manfreda, J., Kanner, R. E., Connett, J. E., & for the Lung Health Study Research Group* (2005) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-4-200502150-00005 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Self-citation
Biochemistry, Biology, and Carcinogenicity of Tobacco-Specific N -Nitrosamines
Hecht, S. S. (1998) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx980005y · Cited by 1,074 · see citing works
THE CHANGING CIGARETTE, 1950-1995
Hoffmann, I. H. D. (1997) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/009841097160393 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Nicotine stimulates angiogenesis and promotes tumor growth and atherosclerosis
Heeschen, C., Jang, J. J., Weis, M., Pathak, A., Kaji, S., Hu, R. S., Tsao, P. S., Johnson, F. L., & Cooke, J. P. (2001) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/89961 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Rapid Akt activation by nicotine and a tobacco carcinogen modulates the phenotype of normal human airway epithelial cells
West, K. A., Brognard, J., Clark, A. S., Linnoila, I. R., Yang, X., Swain, S. M., Harris, C. C., Belinsky, S. A., & Dennis, P. A. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci16147 · Cited by 570 · see citing works
Rapid Akt activation by nicotine and a tobacco carcinogen modulates the phenotype of normal human airway epithelial cells
West, K. A., Brognard, J., Clark, A. S., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200316147 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Effect of smokeless tobacco (snus) on smoking and public health in Sweden
Foulds, J., Ramstrom, L., Burke, M., & Fagerström, K. (2003) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.12.4.349 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Stop-smoking medications: Who uses them, who misuses them, and who is misinformed about them?
Bansal, M., Cummings, K. M., Hyland, A. J., & Giovino, G. A. (2004) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200412331320707 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Are smokers adequately informed about the health risks of smoking and medicinal nicotine?
Cummings, K. M., Hyland, A. J., Giovino, G. A., Hastrup, J. L., Bauer, J. E., & Bansal, M. (2004) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200412331320734 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Safety of Nicotine Polacrilex Gum Used by 3,094 Participants in the Lung Health Study
Murray, R. P., Bailey, W. C., Daniels, K. A., Bjornson, W., Kurnow, K., Connett, J. E., Nides, M. A., & Kiley, J. P. (1996) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.109.2.438 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citation
Opioids induce while nicotine suppresses apoptosis in human lung cancer cells.
Maneckjee, R., & Minna, J. D. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 186 · see citing works
A Functional Role for Nicotine in Bcl2 Phosphorylation and Suppression of Apoptosis
Mai, H., May, W. S., Gao, F., Jin, Z., & Deng, X. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m209044200 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Is there a health benefit of reduced tobacco consumption? A systematic review
Pisinger, C. H., & Godtfredsen, N. S. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701365327 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Long-term effects of inhaled nicotine
Waldum, H. L., Nilsen, O. G., Nilsen, T., Rørvik, H., Syversen, U., Sandvik, A. K., Haugen, O. A., TORP, S. H., & Brenna, E. (1996) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(96)00100-2 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Risk of gastroesophageal cancer among smokers and users of Scandinavian moist snuff
Zendehdel, K., Nyrén, O., Luo, J., Dickman, P. W., Boffetta, P., Englund, A., & Ye, W. (2007) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.23076 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Cancer and mortality among users and nonusers of snus
Roosaar, A., Johansson, A. L. V., Sandborgh‐Englund, G., Axéll, T., & Nyrén, O. (2008) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.23469 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Developing the science base for reducing tobacco harm
Hatsukami, D. K., Joseph, A. M., LeSage, M. G., Jensen, J. A., Murphy, S. E., Pentel, P. R., Kotlyar, M., Borgida, E., Le, C. T., & Hecht, S. S. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701679040 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Persistence of the Effect of the Lung Health Study (LHS) Smoking Intervention over Eleven Years
Murray, R. P., Connett, J. E., Rand, C. S., Pan, W., & Anthonisen, N. R. (2002) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2002.1087 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citation
Nicotine Enhances Neovascularization and Promotes Tumor Growth
Natori, T., Sata, M., Washida, M., Hirata, Y., Nagai, R., & Makuuchi, M. (2003) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1016/s1016-8478(23)13780-0 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Nicotine inhibits UV-induced activation of the apoptotic pathway
Sugano, N., Minegishi, T., Kawamoto, K., & Ito, K. (2001) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(01)00416-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Smoking Kills: Experimental Proof from the Lung Health Study
Samet, J. M. (2005) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-4-200502150-00012 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Levels of cotinine associated with long-term ad-libitum nicotine polacrilex use in a clinical trial
Murray, R. P., Nides, M. A., Istvan, J. A., & Daniels, K. A. (1998) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(97)00073-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Nicotine, Carcinogen, and Toxin Exposure in Long-Term E-Cigarette and Nicotine Replacement Therapy Users: A Cross-sectional Study
Shahab, L., Goniewicz, M. L., Blount, B. C., Brown, J., McNeill, A., Alwis, K. U., Feng, J., Wang, L., & West, R. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m16-1107 · Cited by 538 · see citing works
A systematic review of health effects of electronic cigarettes
Pisinger, C. H., & Døssing, M. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.10.009 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Causes of oral cancer–an appraisal of controversies
Warnakulasuriya, S. (2009) · British Dental Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2009.1009 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Lung cancer in patients who have never smoked — an emerging disease
LoPiccolo, J., Gusev, A., Christiani, D. C., & Janne, P. A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-023-00844-0 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Tobacco and Lung Cancer: Risks, Trends, and Outcomes in Patients with Cancer
Warren, G. W., & Cummings, K. M. (2013) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.1200/edbook_am.2013.33.359 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Assessing Tobacco Use by Cancer Patients and Facilitating Cessation: An American Association for Cancer Research Policy Statement
Toll, B. A., Brandon, T. H., Gritz, E. R., Warren, G. W., & Herbst, R. S. (2013) · Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-0666 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Dependence levels in users of electronic cigarettes, nicotine gums and tobacco cigarettes
Etter, J., & Eissenberg, T. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.007 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (“E‐cigarettes”): Review of Safety and Smoking Cessation Efficacy
Harrell, P. T., Simmons, V. N., Correa, J. B., Padhya, T. A., & Brandon, T. H. (2014) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/0194599814536847 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Smoking cessation, version 1.2016, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology
Shields, P. G., Herbst, R. S., Arenberg, D., Benowitz, N. L., Bierut, L., Luckart, J. B., Cinciripini, P., Collins, B., David, S., Davis, J., et al. (2016) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2016.0152 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Smoking cessation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Tashkin, D. P., & Murray, R. P. (2009) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2009.02.013 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citation
General mechanisms of nicotine‐induced fibrogenesis
Jensen, K. J., Nizamutdinov, D., Guerrier, M., Afroze, S. H., Dostal, D. E., & Glaser, S. S. (2012) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.12-206458 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Nicotine and lung cancer
Warren, G. W., & Singh, A. K. (2013) · Journal of Carcinogenesis · doi:10.4103/1477-3163.106680 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Tobacco harm reduction: The need for new products that can compete with cigarettes
Fagerström, K. O., & Bridgman, K. M. (2013) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.11.002 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Do e-Cigarettes Have the Potential to Compete With Conventional Cigarettes?
Králíková, E., Novák, J., West, O., Pánková, A., & Hájek, P. (2013) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.12-2842 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Harm perceptions of e‐cigarettes and other nicotine products in a UK sample
Wilson, S. R., Partos, T., McNeill, A. D., & Brose, L. S. (2019) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14502 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Evaluating Long-term Outcomes of NHS Stop Smoking Services (ELONS): a prospective cohort study
Dobbie, F., Hiscock, R., Leonardi-Bee, J., Murray, S., Shahab, L., Aveyard, P., Coleman, T., McEwen, A., McRobbie, H., Purves, R., et al. (2015) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta19950 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Smoking Cessation, Version 3.2022, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
Shields, P. G., Bierut, L. J., Arenberg, D. A., Balis, D. S., Cinciripini, P. M., Davis, J. M., Edmondson, D. M., Feliciano, J., Hitsman, B. L., Hudmon, K. S., et al. (2023) · Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network · doi:10.6004/jnccn.2023.0013 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic assessment of electronic cigarettes, combustible cigarettes, and nicotine gum: implications for abuse liability
Stiles, M. F., Campbell, L. R., Graff, D. W., Jones, B. A., Fant, R. V., & Henningfield, J. E. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4665-y · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Analysis of nicotine-induced DNA damage in cells of the human respiratory tract
Ginzkey, C., Stueber, T., Friehs, G., Koehler, C. J., Hackenberg, S., Richter, E., Hagen, R., & Kleinsasser, N. H. (2011) · Toxicology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.029 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A systematic review of possible serious adverse health effects of nicotine replacement therapy
Lee, P. N., & Fariss, M. (2016) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1856-y · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation
Raupach, T., & van Schayck, O. C. P. (2011) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11590620-000000000-00000 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mechanisms for nicotine in the development and progression of gastrointestinal cancers.
Jensen, K. J., Afroze, S. H., Munshi, K., Guerrier, M., & Glaser, S. S. (2012) · PubMed · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2224-4778.2011.12.01 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke
Rodrigo, G., Jaccard, G., Djoko, D. T., Korneliou, A., Esposito, M., & Belushkin, M. A. (2020) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-020-02924-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Nicotine by Inhalation: Is There a Role for the Inhaled Route?
Caldwell, B. O., Sumner, W., & Crane, J. (2012) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/nts009 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Comprehensive review of epidemiological and animal studies on the potential carcinogenic effects of nicotineper se
Haussmann, H., & Fariss, M. W. (2016) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408444.2016.1182116 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Knowledge and Perceptions about Nicotine, Nicotine Replacement Therapies and Electronic Cigarettes among Healthcare Professionals in Greece
Moysidou, A., Farsalinos, K. E., Voudris, V. A., Merakou, K., Kourea, K., & Barbouni, A. (2016) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph13050514 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Nicotine Prevents and Reverses Paclitaxel-Induced Mechanical Allodynia in a Mouse Model of CIPN
Kyte, S. L., Toma, W. B., Bağdaş, D., Meade, J. A., Schurman, L. D., Lichtman, A. H., Chen, Z., Fabbro, E. D., Fang, X., Bigbee, J. W., et al. (2017) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.117.243972 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Lifestyle and Income-related Inequality in Health in South Africa
Mukong, A. K., van Walbeek, C., & Ross, H. (2017) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-017-0598-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Nicotine: Pharmacology, Toxicity and Therapeutic use
Fagerström, K. O. (2014) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1017/jsc.2014.27 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cardiovascular, carcinogenic and reproductive effects of nicotine exposure: A narrative review of the scientific literature
Price, L. R., & Martinez, J. (2020) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.20062.2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Long-term Nicotine Replacement Therapy: Cancer Risk in Context
Shields, P. G. (2011) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0453 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Smoking Cessation in Lung Cancer
Andreas, S., Rittmeyer, A., Hinterthaner, M., & Huber, R. M. (2013) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0719 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Nicotine Does Not Enhance Tumorigenesis in Mutant K - Ras –Driven Mouse Models of Lung Cancer
Maier, C. R., Hollander, M. C., Hobbs, E. A., Doğan, İ., Linnoila, R. I., & Dennis, P. A. (2011) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0365 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Chronic Nicotine Consumption Does Not Influence 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone–Induced Lung Tumorigenesis
Murphy, S. E., von Weymarn, L. B., Schutten, M. M., Kassie, F., & Modiano, J. F. (2011) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0366 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Influence of Nicotine on Lung Tumor Growth, Cancer Chemotherapy, and Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Kyte, S. L., & Gewirtz, D. A. (2018) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.118.249359 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Biological effects of nicotine exposure: A narrative review of the scientific literature
Price, L., & Martinez, J. (2019) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.20062.1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Should e-cigarettes be regulated as a medicinal device?
Hajek, P., Foulds, J., Houezec, J. L., Sweanor, D., & Yach, D. (2013) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(13)70124-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nicotine replacement therapies: patient safety and persistence
Ferguson, S. G., Gitchell, & Shiffman (2011) · Patient Related Outcome Measures · doi:10.2147/prom.s11545 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Health impact of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current and emerging evidence
Morjaria, J. B., Campagna, D., Caci, G., O’Leary, R., & Polosa, R. (2022) · Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1080/17476348.2023.2167716 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Prevalence and Impact of Long-term Use of Nicotine Replacement Therapy in UK Stop-Smoking Services: Findings From the ELONS Study
Shahab, L., Dobbie, F., Hiscock, R., McNeill, A. D., & Bauld, L. (2016) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntw258 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Nicotine products relative risk assessment: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Murkett, R., Rugh, M., & Ding, B. (2022) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.26762.2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Addiction to Tobacco Smoking and Vaping
Hernández‐Pérez, A., García‐Gómez, L., Robles-Hernández, R. E., Thirión-Romero, I. I., Osio-Echánove, J., Rodríguez‐Llamazares, S., Baler, R., & Pérez‐Padilla, R. (2023) · Revista de investigaci�n Cl�nica · doi:10.24875/ric.23000117 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“If I’d Known …”—a Theory-Informed Systematic Analysis of Missed Opportunities in Optimising Use of Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Accessing Relevant Support: a Qualitative Study
Herbeć, A., Tombor, I., Shahab, L., & West, R. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-018-9735-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Non-treatment laboratory stress- and cue-reactivity studies are associated with decreased substance use among drug-dependent individuals
DeSantis, S. M., Bandyopadhyay, D., Back, S. E., & Brady, K. T. (2009) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.008 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effects of electronic cigarette liquid on monolayer and 3D tissue-engineered models of human gingival mucosa
Shaikh, Z., Alqahtani, A., Almela, T., Franklin, K. L., Tayebi, L., & Moharamzadeh, K. (2019) · Journal of Advanced Periodontology & Implant Dentistry · doi:10.15171/japid.2019.010 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Nicotine supplementation enhances simulated game performance of archery athletes
Hung, B.-L., Chen, L., Chen, Y.-Y., Ou, J.-B., & Fang, S. (2021) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-021-00413-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Dilemma of Correcting Nicotine Misperceptions: Nicotine Replacement Therapy versus Electronic Cigarettes
Shi, R., Feldman, R. H. L., Liu, J., & Clark, P. I. (2020) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2020.1800288 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Harm perceptions of nicotine‐containing products and associated sources of information in UK adults with and without mental ill health: A cross‐sectional survey
Perman‐Howe, P. R., Horton, M., Robson, D., McDermott, M. S., McNeill, A. D., & Brose, L. S. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15657 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Perceived Safety of Nicotine and the Use of Nicotine Replacement Products Among Current Smokers in Great Britain: Results From Two National Surveys
Bobak, A., Shiffman, S. S., Gitchell, J. G., Bery, J., & Ferguson, S. G. (2010) · The Journal of Smoking Cessation · doi:10.1375/jsc.5.2.115 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Public Health Practitioners’ Knowledge towards Nicotine and Other Cigarette Components on Various Human Diseases in Pakistan: A Contribution to Smoking Cessation Policies
Hameed, A., & Malik, D. (2022) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2022/7909212 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Long COVID – a critical disruption of cholinergic neurotransmission?
Leitzke, M., Roach, D. T., Hesse, S., Schönknecht, P. O. D., Becker, G., Rullmann, M., Sattler, B., & Sabri, O. (2025) · Bioelectronic Medicine · doi:10.1186/s42234-025-00167-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Literature Review on Nicotine’s Role in Human Health
Scherer, G., Pluym, N., & Scherer, M. (2024) · Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research · doi:10.2478/cttr-2024-0001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Smokers commonly misperceive that nicotine is a major carcinogen: National survey data
Wilson, N., Peace, J., Edwards, R., & Weerasekera, D. D. (2010) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2010.141762 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Update on smoking. Alternatives for the management of patients with cardiovascular risk
Iglesias, J. N., Abellán-Huerta, J., López, J. C. G., López, P. J. T., & Divisón, J. A. (2021) · Hipertensión y Riesgo Vascular · doi:10.1016/j.hipert.2021.04.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Patients are asking about e-cigarettes. What do we tell them?
Worsley, D. J., Jones, K., & Marshman, Z. (2014) · BDJ · doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.596 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sécurité d’emploi de la nicotine au long cours : le débat n’est pas clos
Dupont, P., Benyamina, A., & Aubin, H. (2016) · Revue des Maladies Respiratoires · doi:10.1016/j.rmr.2016.05.002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Novel rapid-acting sublingual nicotine tablet as a cigarette substitution strategy
Rose, J. E., Behm, F. M., Botts, T. L., Botts, D. R., Willette, P. N., Vocci, F. J., & McCarty, J. (2022) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-022-06171-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Estimating the Health Effect of Cigarette Smoking Duration in South Africa
Mukong, A. K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Assessment of Abuse Liability and Nicotine Pharmacokinetics of glo Heated Tobacco Products in a Randomized, Crossover Study
Kanobe, M. N., Makena, P. S., Prevette, K., & Baxter, S. A. (2024) · European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s13318-024-00921-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Risk factors for oral cancer
Warnakulasuriya, S. (2009) · British Journal of Healthcare Management · doi:10.12968/bjhc.2009.15.11.45020 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Is nicotine bad for long-term health? Scientists aren’t sure yet
King, A. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01840-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
How Do We Safely Get People to Stop Smoking?
Lam, D. C.-L., & Minna, J. D. (2011) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0449 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pharmacological Aids to Promote Smoking Cessation
Feigenbaum, J. C. (2010) · Journal of Addictions Nursing · doi:10.3109/10884601003777612 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Effect of statins on cancer in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Young, R. P., & Hopkins, R. J. (2010) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2009.131250 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nicotine maintenance for smokers in methadone treatment: a new direction
de Dios, M. A., Cano, M. Á., Vaughan, E. L., McNeel, M. M., Childress, S. D., & NIAURA, R. S. (2018) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2018.1504032 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Not only cigarettes – other culprits of lung cancer
Grzywa-Celińska, A., Drogoń, I., Emeryk-Maksymiuk, J., Chmielewska, I., & Milanowski, J. (2019) · Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.26444/aaem/109688 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nicotine Dependence
Engelmann, J. M., Karam‐Hage, M., Rabius, V. A., Robinson, J. D., & Cinciripini, P. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-47674-4.00024-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Over-the-counter nicotine replacement therapy for everyone: Is it the best solution?
Döme, P. (2011) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.08.045 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sevrage tabagique : un défi pour les cardiologues et les pneumologues
Thomas, D. (2019) · Revue des Maladies Respiratoires · doi:10.1016/j.rmr.2018.03.008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
MeDiA: Mean Distance Association and Its Applications in Nonlinear Gene Set Analysis
Peng, H., Ma, J., Bai, Y., Lu, J., & Yu, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124620 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
What do we tell patients about e-cigarettes?
Worsley, D. J., Jones, K., & Marshman, Z. (2014) · BDJ Team · doi:10.1038/bdjteam.2014.136 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
E-Cigarettes and Toxin Exposure
Aubin, H., Guénel, P., Boutron‐Ruault, M., Matrat, M., Luquiens, A., & Dupont, P. (2017) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/l17-0314 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Knowledge, perception, and willingness of emerging Public Health Advocates to effectively communicate about smoking cessation and Tobacco Harm Reduction in Africa
Oke, G. I., Ademola, P. S., Utaka, E. N., John, E., Adam, M. F., Okereke, B., Onyia, I. M.-A., & Adebisi, Y. A. (2024) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-023-00102-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Controversial Factors on Causation of Oral Cancer
Warnakulasuriya, S. (2020) · Textbooks in contemporary dentistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32316-5_31 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nicotine pouches- a research and regulatory policy agenda to maximise public health benefits and minimise harmsPreprint
Patwardhan, S. (2021) · doi:10.32388/l4tiaf · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nicotine pouches- a research and regulatory policy agenda to maximise public health benefits and minimise harmsPreprint
Patwardhan, S., & Fagerström, K. O. (2021) · doi:10.32388/l4tiaf.2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The emerging role of oral nicotine pouches in tobacco harm reduction
Polosa, R., Fagerström, K. O., & Rodu, B. (2025) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-025-04237-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Epidemiologie und Bedeutung tabakassoziierter Lungenkrankheiten
Andreas, S., & Rittmeyer, A. (2012) · Der Pneumologe · doi:10.1007/s10405-011-0558-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hemostasis parameters in patients with arterial hypertension, multifocal atherosclerosis and risk factors
Сергеевна, В. С., Smolenskaya, O. G., Геннадьевич, Г. В., Сергеевна, К. Е., Kupriyanova, I. N., & Vedensky, V. A. (2024) · The Clinician · doi:10.17650/1818-8338-2024-18-1-k707 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Residual Risk of Nicotine
Mathis, C., Smart, D. J., Xia, W., Phillips, B. W., Peitsch, M. C., Szostak, J., Poussin, C., & Luettich, K. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820490-0.00022-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Quality assurance in endobronchial ultrasound
Slade, M. G., & Slade, G. (2010) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2010.145284
Rapid review for NICE: long term use of non-tobacco nicotine containing products in individuals who have quit smoking abruptly
Morgan, H. E., Morgan, F. M., Weightman, A. L., & Whitehead, S. H. (2012) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Older Patients
Shah, S. K., Nishi, S. P. E., & Sharma, G. (2011) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-727-3_4
Nicotine Dependence
Karam‐Hage, M., Rabius, V. A., Cinciripini, P. M., Robinson, J. D., & Gritz, E. R. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-2865-7.00024-2
Variation in Nicotine and Nitrosamine Pharmacology Genes and Smoking-associated Lung Cancer
Wassenaar, C. A. (2015) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Onkologie und Versorgung in Fach- und Publikumsmedien
(KID), K. (2018) · Der Onkologe · doi:10.1007/s00761-018-0469-x
Tobacco Use Disorders
Robson, D., & McNeill, A. D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781911623199.013
Nicotine: From plants to people
Olson, J., Aryitey, W., & Costanzo, R. (2020) · Medicinska rec · doi:10.5937/medrec2003142o
Authors' response
Kemp, S. V., & Shah, P. L. (2010) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thx.2010.147983
Tobacco control
Urban, T., Underner, M., Hureaux, J., & Quantin, X. (2015) · European Respiratory Society eBooks · doi:10.1183/2312508x.10009514
Data from Chronic Nicotine Consumption Does Not Influence 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone–Induced Lung Tumorigenesis
Murphy, S. E., von Weymarn, L. B., Schutten, M. M., Kassie, F., & Modiano, J. F. (2023) · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.c.6544277
Global Burden, Risk factors and Pathobiology of Malignant Neoplasms of the Oral Mucosa and the Oropharynx
Hankinson, P., & Khurram, S. A. (2024) · doi:10.1002/9781119989233.ch28
Assessment of nicotine pharmacokinetics and abuse liability in randomized, crossover studies of Vuse Alto electronic nicotine delivery systems
Kanobe, M. N., Baxter, S. A., Prevette, K., Jin, T., Tapia, M. A., Ayoku, S. A., Dull, G. M., Makena, P. S., Mohrmann, J., Keyser, B. M., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1796858

Chronic Nicotine Consumption Does Not Influence 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanone–Induced Lung Tumorigenesis
Murphy, S. E., von Weymarn, L. B., Schutten, M. M., Kassie, F., & Modiano, J. F. (2011) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0366 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nicotine Does Not Enhance Tumorigenesis in Mutant K - Ras –Driven Mouse Models of Lung Cancer
Maier, C. R., Hollander, M. C., Hobbs, E. A., Doğan, İ., Linnoila, R. I., & Dennis, P. A. (2011) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0365 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
One SNP linked to two diseases—addiction and cancer: A Double Whammy?: Nicotine addiction and lung cancer susceptibility
Volkow, N. D., Rutter, J. L., Pollock, J. D., Shurtleff, D., & Baler, R. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.71 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
PostScript LETTER
(2011)
How Do We Safely Get People to Stop Smoking?
Lam, D. C.-L., & Minna, J. D. (2011) · Cancer Prevention Research · doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0449 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Authors: Murray, R. P., Connett, J. E., & Zapawa, L. M.
Affiliations: University of Manitoba (CA)
Pinney Associates (United States) (US)
ORCID: Connett, J. E.
Venue: Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2009-07-01
Volume: 11
Issue: 9
Pages: 1076-1082
ISSN: 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
1469-994X
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp104
PMC: PMC2725009
OpenAlex: W2142369867
Cited by: 93
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 5.32
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (n01hr046002-024)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HR-46002)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
Keywords: nicotine replacement therapy, cancer risk, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, oral cancer, smoking, Lung Health Study
MeSH terms: Administration, Cutaneous, Adult, Female, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Lung Neoplasms, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Smoking, Proportional Hazards Models, Smoking Cessation, Nicotinic Agonists, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Does nicotine replacement therapy cause cancer? Evidence from the Lung Health Study

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks