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The Self-Reflective Functions of Inner Speech
Abstract
The current chapter revisits an earlier account (2005) of how inner speech leads to self-reflection. Definitions, functions, neuroanatomy, and measurement of self-reflection and inner speech are first presented, followed by the detailed proposal suggesting that these two processes are connected in at least three possible ways. Empirical evidence supporting this proposal is discussed, as well as theoretical considerations pertaining to underlying mechanisms explaining how self-reflection and inner speech may interrelate. To illustrate, several self-referential tasks used in typical fMRI studies show a reliable activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus—the main brain area known to sustain inner speech; inner speech can reproduce (i.e. internalize) already existing social mechanisms leading to self-reflection. Some possible philosophical and clinical implications of the role played by inner speech in self-reflection are outlined in conclusion.
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Inner speech can provide an opportunity to reflect on ourselves and form a coherent self-concept, thereby enhancing human capacity for self-observation, introspection, and metacognition.
“IS can provide an opportunity to reflect on ourselves [30] and form a coherent self-concept [72], thereby enhancing human capacity for self-observation, introspection, and metacognition.”
From Inner speech as language process and cognitive tool (2023) · cites this paper as [72]
Inner speech can underpin social metacognition, a mechanism for preparing to interact with others to ask for information, understand what they intend, or negotiate concepts and word meanings.
“Similarly, IS can underpin social metacognition, a mechanism for preparing to interact with others to ask for information, understand what they intend (i.e., accessing the content of their concepts), or negotiate concepts and word meanings [23,67,71] (Figure 2).”
From Inner speech as language process and cognitive tool (2023) · cites this paper as [71]
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Borghi, A. M., & Fernyhough, C. (2023) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B · doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0371 · Cited by 45
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Rovetta, F. F. (2023) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-023-00690-0 · Cited by 14
Frequency, Content, and Functions of Self-Reported Inner Speech in Young Adults: A Synthesis
Morin, A., & Racy, F. (2022) · Cultural psychology of education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14212-3_9 · Cited by 15
Self-citationA computational model of inner speech supporting flexible goal-directed behaviour in autism
Granato, G., Borghi, A. M., Mattera, A., & Baldassarre, G. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-18445-9 · Cited by 8
Positive Self-Talk in Adolescent: A Systematic Literature Review
Mulawarman, M., Antika, E. R., Hariyadi, S., Ilmi, A. M., Prabawa, A. F., Pautina, A. R., Chairunnisa, D., Benu, K. M., Nadhita, G., Lathifah, A. A., et al. (2024) · Bulletin of Counseling and Psychotherapy · doi:10.51214/002024061034000 · Cited by 7
Granato, G., Costanzo, R., Borghi, A. M., Mattera, A., Carruthers, S. P., Rossell, S. L., & Baldassarre, G. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-89555-3 · Cited by 8
Agnati, L. F., Anderlini, D., Guidolin, D., Marcoli, M., & Maura, G. (2021) · Foundations of Science · doi:10.1007/s10699-021-09796-z · Cited by 4
Colelli, J., Bernardo, M. D., & Verde, F. (2025) · Mind & Society · doi:10.1007/s11299-025-00319-y · Cited by 3
Inner Speech Brain Mapping. Is It Possible to Map What We Cannot Observe?
Rodríguez‐Fornells, A., León-Cabrera, P., Gabarrós, A., & Sierpowska, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-75071-8_23 · Cited by 3
Free Will Implicates Inner Speech via Self-Regulation
Morin, A. (2024) · Open Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.4236/ojpp.2024.143035 · Cited by 2
Self-citationInner speech does not represent an epiphenomenon: Commentary on Verhaeghen & Mirabito (2021)
Morin, A. (2022) · International Journal of Personality Psychology · doi:10.21827/ijpp.8.38267 · Cited by 1
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Metadata
- Authors
- Morin, A.
- Corresponding author
- Morin, Alain
- ORCID
- Morin, Alain
- Venue
- Oxford Scholarship Online
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Published
- 2018-10-18
- OpenAlex
- W2897320886
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.01
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Representations and Identity
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Keywords
- inner speech, self-reflection, self-referential processing, left inferior frontal gyrus, social cognition, philosophy of mind
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