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CONFOUNDING: ESSENCE AND DETECTION1
Abstract
Confounding is examined from first principles. In follow-up studies a confounder is a predictor of diagnosing the illness--by being either a risk indicator or a determinant of diagnostic errors; in addition, it shows different distributions between the exposed and nonexposed series. In case-referent studies confounding can arise in two ways. A priori confounders are correlates of exposure in the joint source population of cases and reference subjects; also, they are determinants of diagnosing the illness or have different selection implications between cases and referents. In addition, factors bearing on the accuracy of exposure information are confounders if distributed differently between cases and referents. Criteria based singularly on relationships in the data can be misleading. Similarly, a change in the estimate and even a change in the parameter as a result of control is not a criterion rooted in first principles of confounding and can lead to a false conclusion.
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Citations
Cited by
Robins, J. (1986) · Mathematical Modelling · doi:10.1016/0270-0255(86)90088-6 · Cited by 2,451
Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis
Greenland, S. (1989) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.79.3.340 · Cited by 2,208
Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies.
Schisterman, E. F., Cole, S. R., & Platt, R. W. (2009) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0b013e3181a819a1 · Cited by 2,096
Hernan, M. A. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/155.2.176 · Cited by 1,445
Selection of Controls in Case-Control Studies
Wacholder, S., McLaughlin, J. K., Silverman, D. T., & Mandel, J. S. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116396 · Cited by 998
Metadata
- Authors
- MIETTINEN, O. S., & COOK, E. F.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1981-10
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 593-603
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2159793007
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 6.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: CONFOUNDING: ESSENCE AND DETECTION1. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113225
- The paper
- MIETTINEN, O. S., & COOK, E. F. (1981). CONFOUNDING: ESSENCE AND DETECTION1. American Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113225
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
