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Reduced elimination of IgG antibodies by engineering the variable region
Abstract
Fc engineering to increase the binding affinity of IgG antibodies to FcRn has been reported to reduce the elimination of IgG antibodies. Herein, we present a novel non-FcRn-dependent approach to reduce the elimination of IgG antibodies. Pharmacokinetic studies conducted in normal mice of various humanized IgG4 antibodies, which had identical constant regions but different variable region sequences, revealed that an antibody with a lower isoelectric point (pI) has a longer half-life. These antibodies exhibited comparable binding affinity to FcRn, and with the antibodies with lower pIs, a longer half-life was also observed in beta2-microglobulin knockout mice, suggesting that differences in the pharmacokinetics were due to a non-FcRn-dependent mechanism. On the basis of our findings, we attempted to engineer the pharmacokinetic properties of a humanized anti-IL6 receptor IgG1 antibody. Selected substitutions in the variable region, without substitution in the Fc region, lowered the pI but did not reduce the biological activity and showed a significant reduction in the clearance of the antibody in cynomolgus monkey. These results suggest that lowering the pI by engineering the variable region could reduce the elimination of IgG antibodies and could provide an alternative to Fc engineering of IgG antibodies.
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“Igawa et al. showed that lowering the total pI by 1–2 units resulted in longer half‐lives and slower elimination rates.41”
From Tutorial on monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics and its considerations in early development (2018) · cites this paper as [41]
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Ausserwӧger, H., Krainer, G., Welsh, T. J., Thorsteinson, N., de Csilléry, E., Šneideris, T., Schneider, M. M., Egebjerg, T., Invernizzi, G., Herling, T. W., et al. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2210332120 · Cited by 35
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Self-citationEnhanced FcRn-dependent transepithelial delivery of IgG by Fc-engineering and polymerization
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“For example, the charges of mAbs can have a substantial impact on their PK and disposition,(37) and it has been demonstrated that lowering the pI of an antibody can result in significantly increased half-life and reduced CL.(38) A large positive cluster in the variable region might increase the nonspecific binding to…”
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“Other than modulating FcRn binding, reducing the isoelectric point (pI) or charge has also been shown to extend the half-life of mAbs [19].”
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Haraya, K., Tachibana, T., & Igawa, T. (2018) · Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.10.003 · Cited by 34
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“Antibody engineering technologies have been developed to improve the half-life and the duration of target neutralization.(6-9)”
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Haraya, K., Tachibana, T., Nanami, M., & Ishigai, M. (2014) · Xenobiotica · doi:10.3109/00498254.2014.941963 · Cited by 30
“…challenges in the development of mAbs-based therapeutics such as bispecific antibody (Kitazawa et al., 2012), antibody drug conjugate (Burris et al., 2011), antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) enhancing technology (Mori et al., 2007) and pH-dependent antigen binding (Igawa et al., 2010a).”
BackgroundSelf-citationApplication of FcRn Binding Assays to Guide mAb Development
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“Previous investigations lack consensus; the relationship between mAb plasma clearance and pI charge was reported to be either monotonic, 69,70 bell-shaped, 22,40 or uncorrelated.”
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Amand, M. M. S., Ogunnaike, B. A., & Robinson, A. S. (2013) · Biotechnology Progress · doi:10.1002/btpr.1848 · Cited by 28
“Deliberately modifying the pI of an antibody by approximately one pI unit or more has been shown to alter pharmacokinetics (PK) of an intact MAb.13,14 In addition, the relative abundance of basic charge variants has been shown to vary by as much as 20% in commercial lots of some biopharmaceuticals, leading to a 30% di…”
Background6thAnnual European Antibody Congress 2010
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“However, growing evidence suggests that the variable domains of a rhumAb may also affect FcRn binding.(24,36,43) Since lysine residues may be present in rhumAb Fab regions, we evaluated the effect of the assay configuration on rhumAb-FcRn binding data from SPR analysis.”
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“0 units in the isoelectric point (pI) of a mAb could affect its therapeutic activity [13, 29], with the common pI variation observed duringmanufacturing being from 0.”
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“Furthermore, the increased antibody affinity can reduce the therapeutic dose of antibody, resulting in lower toxicity and treatment cost [9-11] .”
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“for mAb 10, which was specifically designed to display enhanced FcRn affinity and a certain positive charge patch distribution to increase pinocytotic cellular uptake.(8,38) This combi-”
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“V region engineering progressed beyond reducing immunogenicity to include the optimization of af fi nity, developability and manufacturability (7, 18, 19), and to extend half-life (20).”
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“Meanwhile, differences between charge variants have been noted for both low and high dose levels [23, 26], suggesting high-capacity disposition mechanisms.”
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“While FcRn is one of the better known mechanisms governing IgG1 stasis, other non-FcRn binding mechanisms have been identified that can affect PK [33].”
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“have generally near-neutral or basic pHis (pHis 6.5–9.5; Igawa et al., 2010) and could be adsorbed onto the cation-exchanger and then desorbed all along the ionic strength gradient.”
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“It was therefore considered whether pI was correlated with clearance and T1/2 as previously reported for IgG4 antibodies [29].”
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“This result was to be expected, as all alterations were limited to the Fc-region, even though some studies have suggested that changes in the Fc-region can influence the functionality of the Fab domain and vice versa (Cooper et al., 1994; Igawa et al., 2010; Tudor et al., 2012; Schoch et al., 2015; Jensen et al., 2017…”
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“Some previous efforts to modify charge for pharmacokinetic impact studied large molecules, such as antibody Fc (Boswell et al., 2010; Igawa et al., 2010) in which a few amino acid mutations are less likely to affect protein properties.”
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“We preferred negatively charged amino acids to positively charged amino acids as lowering the isoelectric point of an antibody may reduce the non-specific in vivo clearance [43].”
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Key Physicochemical Characteristics Influencing ADME Properties of Therapeutic Proteins
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MethodKasahara, K., Kuroda, D., Tanabe, A., Kawade, R., Nagatoishi, S., & Tsumoto, K. (2021) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.053 · Cited by 8
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“This was performed in order to extend the antibody half-life of 5A6.(12) These positions were previously identified during the systematic mutagenesis of the variable region using the 18 other amino acids.”
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“[14] that the effect of the antibody charge pI on the PK of IgG antibody is due to non-FcRn binding mechanism and there is a positive correlation between charge and IgG clearance in normal and β2-microglobulin knockout mouse [14].”
BackgroundEpitope-dependent mechanisms of CD27 neutralization revealed by X-ray crystallography
Obmolova, G., Teplyakov, A., Malia, T., Wunderler, N., Kwok, D. C., Barone, L. R., Sweet, R. W., Ort, T., Scully, M. S., & Gilliland, G. L. (2017) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.005 · Cited by 8
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Metadata
- Authors
- Igawa, T., Tsunoda, H., Tachibana, T., Maeda, A., Mimoto, F., Moriyama, C., Nanami, M., Sekimori, Y., Nabuchi, Y., Aso, Y., & Hattori, K.
- Affiliations
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (Japan) (JP)
- Venue
- Protein Engineering Design and Selection
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-02-15
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 385-392
- ISSN
- 0269-2139 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-0126
- 1741-0134
- OpenAlex
- W2104198642
- Cited by
- 265
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Protein Engineering Design and Selection (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein purification and stability
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Biosimilars and Bioanalytical Methods
- Keywords
- antibody half-life, isoelectric point, humanized monoclonal antibody, IgG4 antibodies, pharmacokinetics, Macaca fascicularis, antibody clearance
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Cricetulus, Genetic Engineering, Half-Life, Cricetinae, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin Variable Region, Isoelectric Point, Receptors, Fc, Protein Engineering, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I, CHO Cells, Mice
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