Assessments of antibody biodistribution
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics are in use for several disease conditions, and have generally shown excellent clinical benefit, in large part due to their high specificity and affinity for target proteins. As this therapeutic class continues to grow in size, improved understanding of the mechanisms controlling mAb biodistribution and protein binding may be expected to allow better prediction of safety and efficacy. Due to the large size and polarity of antibodies, rates of mAb distribution and elimination are typically much slower than those reported for small molecule drugs. Additionally, high affinity interaction with target proteins will often influence mAb pharmacokinetics, leading to complex, nonlinear tissue distribution and elimination. In this report, we summarize key determinants of mAb disposition, methods for assessing antibody exposure and protein binding, and model‐based approaches that may be utilized to predict mAb pharmacokinetics.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Because blood capillaries only allow substances with less than 16 kDa to reach systemic circulation, s.c. or i.m. administered mAbs presumably enter the circulation through lymphatic fluid drainage.
“Since blood capillaries only allow substances with less than 16 kDa to reach systemic circulation, s.c. or i.m. administered mAbs presumably enter the circulation through lymphatic fluid drainage.19”
From Tutorial on monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics and its considerations in early development (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
The primary mechanism of antibody diffusion in tissues is through convective transport through paracellular pores in vascular endothelial cell membranes.
“The primary mechanism of antibody diffusion in tissues is through the convective transport through paracellular pores in vascular endothelial cell membranes.19”
From Tutorial on monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics and its considerations in early development (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
Cites
Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity
Köhler, G., & Milstein, C. (1975) · Nature · doi:10.1038/256495a0 · Cited by 17,200 · see citing works
Fcγ receptors as regulators of immune responses
Nimmerjahn, F., & Ravetch, J. V. (2008) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2206 · Cited by 2,947 · see citing works
Regulation of transport pathways in tumor vessels: Role of tumor type and microenvironment
Hobbs, S. K., Monsky, W. L., Yuan, F., Roberts, W. G., Griffith, L., Torchilin, V. P., & Jain, R. K. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.8.4607 · Cited by 2,438 · see citing works
Cartron, G., Dacheux, L., Salles, G., Solal‐Céligny, P., BARDOS, P., Colombat, P., & Watier, H. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v99.3.754 · Cited by 1,902 · see citing works
Ravetch, J. V., & Bolland, S. M. (2001) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.275 · Cited by 1,653 · see citing works
Fcγ Receptors: Old Friends and New Family Members
Nimmerjahn, F., & Ravetch, J. V. (2006) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.11.010 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
Antibody Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Lobo, E. D., Hansen, R. J., & Balthasar, J. P. (2004) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.20178 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Self-citationAn Fc receptor structurally related to MHC class I antigens
Simister, N. E., & Mostov, K. E. (1989) · Nature · doi:10.1038/337184a0 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies
Keizer, R. J., Huitema, A. D. R., Schellens, J. H. M., & Beijnen, J. H. (2010) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/11531280-000000000-00000 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Jain, R. K., & Baxter, L. T. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Junghans, R. P., & Anderson, C. L. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.11.5512 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Studies on the distribution and fate of S35-labelled benzylpenicillin in the body.
Ullberg, S. (1954) · PubMed · Cited by 675 · see citing works
FcγRIV: A Novel FcR with Distinct IgG Subclass Specificity
Nimmerjahn, F., Bruhns, P., Horiuchi, K., & Ravetch, J. V. (2005) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2005.05.010 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Adams, G. P., Schier, R., McCall, A. M., Simmons, H. H., Horak, E. M., Alpaugh, R. K., Marks, J. D., & Weiner, L. M. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 623 · see citing works
General Pharmacokinetic Model for Drugs Exhibiting Target-Mediated Drug Disposition
Mager, D. E., & Jusko, W. J. (2001) · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics · doi:10.1023/a:1014414520282 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Elimination mechanisms of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies
Tabrizi, M. A., Tseng, C.-M. L., & Roskos, L. K. (2006) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/s1359-6446(05)03638-x · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Shah, D. K., & Betts, A. M. (2011) · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics · doi:10.1007/s10928-011-9232-2 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Khawli, L. A., Goswami, S., Hutchinson, R., Glover, Z. K., Yang, J., Wang, X., Yao, Z., Sreedhara, A., Cano, T., Tesar, D. B., et al. (2010) · mAbs · doi:10.4161/mabs.2.6.13333 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Juweid, M. E., Neumann, R. D., Paik, C. H., Pérez-Bacete, M., Sato, J., van Osdol, W. W., & Weinstein, J. N. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Effects of Charge on Antibody Tissue Distribution and Pharmacokinetics
Boswell, C. A., Tesar, D. B., Mukhyala, K., Theil, F.-P., Fielder, P. J., & Khawli, L. A. (2010) · Bioconjugate Chemistry · doi:10.1021/bc100261d · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Rudnick, S. I., Lou, J., Shaller, C. C., Tang, Y., Klein-Szanto, A. J. P., Weiner, L. M., Marks, J. D., & Adams, G. P. (2011) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2277 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Mordenti, J. J., Cuthbertson, R. A., Ferrara, N., Thomsen, K., Berleau, L. T., Ličko, V., Allen, P. C., Valverde, C. R., Meng, Y. G., Fei, D. T. W., et al. (1999) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1177/019262339902700507 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Leach, J. L., Sedmak, D. D., Osborne, J. M., Rahill, B., Lairmore, M. D., & Anderson, C. L. (1996) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.157.8.3317 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Garg, A., & Balthasar, J. P. (2007) · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics · doi:10.1007/s10928-007-9065-1 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Self-citationOgawa, M., Kosaka, N., Choyke, P. L., & Kobayashi, H. (2009) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3116 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics of monoclonal immunoglobulin G1, F(ab')2, and Fab' in mice.
Covell, D. G., Barbet, J., Holton, O. D., BLACK, C. D. V., Parker, R. J., & Weinstein, J. N. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Biodistribution Mechanisms of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies in Health and Disease
Tabrizi, M. A., Bornstein, G. G., & Suria, H. (2009) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-009-9157-5 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
McKeage, K., & Perry, C. M. (2002) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200262010-00008 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Baxter, L. T., Zhu, H. J., Mackensen, D. G., & Jain, R. K. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 280 · see citing works
The mechanism of intestinal uptake and transcellular transport of IgG in the neonatal rat
Jones, E. A., & Waldmann, T. A. (1972) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci107116 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Mediated efflux of IgG molecules from brain to blood across the blood–brain barrier
Zhang, Y., & Pardridge, W. M. (2001) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00242-9 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
In Vivo Deamidation Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody by LC/MS/MS
Huang, L., Lu, J., Wroblewski, V. J., Beals, J. M., & Riggin, R. M. (2005) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/ac0494174 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
pH-dependent binding of immunoglobulins to intestinal cells of the neonatal rat.
Rodewald, R. (1976) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.71.2.666 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Reduced elimination of IgG antibodies by engineering the variable region
Igawa, T., Tsunoda, H., Tachibana, T., Maeda, A., Mimoto, F., Moriyama, C., Nanami, M., Sekimori, Y., Nabuchi, Y., Aso, Y., et al. (2010) · Protein Engineering Design and Selection · doi:10.1093/protein/gzq009 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Shah, D. K., & Betts, A. M. (2013) · mAbs · doi:10.4161/mabs.23684 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Functional expression of the MHC class I-related receptor, FcRn, in endothelial cells of mice
Borvák, J. (1998) · International Immunology · doi:10.1093/intimm/10.9.1289 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Bitonti, A. J., Dumont, J. A., Low, S. C., Peters, R., Kropp, K. E., Palombella, V. J., Stattel, J. M., Lu, Y., Tan, C. A., Song, J. J., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0403235101 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Fluorescence Imaging of Tumors In Vivo
Ballou, B. T., Ernst, L., & Waggoner, A. P. (2005) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867053507324 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Dostálek, M., Gardner, I. B., Gurbaxani, B. M., Rose, R. H., & Chetty, M. (2013) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s40262-012-0027-4 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Monoclonal Antibodies
Mould, D. R., & Green, B. (2010) · BioDrugs · doi:10.2165/11530560-000000000-00000 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
The MHC class I-like Fc receptor promotes humorally mediated autoimmune disease
Akilesh, S., Petkova, S. B., Sproule, T. J., Shaffer, D. J., Christianson, G. J., & Roopenian, D. C. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci18838 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Physiological and pathological aspects of circulating immune complexes
Schifferli, J. A., & Taylor, R. P. (1989) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.1989.83 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Antibodies and Antimatter: The Resurgence of Immuno-PET
Wu, A. M. (2008) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.108.056887 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Datta‐Mannan, A., Witcher, D. R., Tang, Y., Watkins, J. D., & Wroblewski, V. J. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m607161200 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Transcytosis and Catabolism of Antibody
Ghetie, V. F., & Ward, E. S. (2002) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1385/ir:25:2:097 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Zheng, Y., Tesar, D. B., Benincosa, L., Birnböck, H., Boswell, C. A., Bumbaca, D., Cowan, K. J., Danilenko, D. M., Daugherty, A. L., Fielder, P. J., et al. (2012) · mAbs · doi:10.4161/mabs.4.2.19387 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Ferl, G. Z., Wu, A. M., & DiStefano, J. J. (2005) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-005-7410-3 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Shih, L. B., Thorpe, S. R., Griffiths, G. L., Diril, H., Ong, G. L., Hansen, H. J., Goldenberg, D. M., & Mattes, M. J. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Datta‐Mannan, A., Witcher, D. R., Tang, Y., Watkins, J. D., Jiang, W., & Wroblewski, V. J. (2006) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.106.011734 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
van Bueren, J. J. L., Bleeker, W. K., Bøgh, H. O., Houtkamp, M., Schuurman, J., van de Winkel, J. G. J., & Parren, P. W. H. I. (2006) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4010 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Hansen, R. J., & Balthasar, J. P. (2002) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v100.6.2087 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationFc receptor signaling and trafficking: a connection for antigen processing
Amigorena, S., & Bonnerot, C. (1999) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01372.x · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Efflux of monoclonal antibodies from rat brain by neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn
Cooper, P. R., Ciambrone, G. J., Kliwinski, C. M., Maze, E., Johnson, L., Li, Q., Feng, Y., & Hornby, P. J. (2013) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.035 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Fischer, G., Seibold, U., Schirrmacher, R., et al. (2013) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules18066469 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Cassel, D. L., Keller, M., Surrey, S., et al. (1993) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/0161-5890(93)90113-p · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Deng, R., Loyet, K. M., Lien, S., Iyer, S., DeForge, L. E., Theil, F., Lowman, H. B., Fielder, P. J., & Prabhu, S. (2010) · Drug Metabolism and Disposition · doi:10.1124/dmd.109.031310 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Effects of altered FcγR binding on antibody pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys
Leabman, M. K., Meng, Y. G., Kelley, R. F., DeForge, L. E., Cowan, K. J., & Iyer, S. (2013) · mAbs · doi:10.4161/mabs.26436 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Interstitial transport of rabbit and sheep antibodies in normal and neoplastic tissues.
Clauss, M. A., & Jain, R. K. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Investigation of the Influence of FcRn on the Distribution of IgG to the Brain
Garg, A., & Balthasar, J. P. (2009) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-009-9129-9 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, Y., & Balthasar, J. P. (2012) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-012-9395-9 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysiologically based pharmacokinetic model for T84.66: A monoclonal anti-CEA antibody
Urva, S., Yang, V. C.-M., & Balthasar, J. P. (2009) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1002/jps.21918 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationFischman, A. J., Alpert, N. M., & Rubin, R. H. (2002) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/00003088-200241080-00003 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Processing of antibody-radioisotope conjugates after binding to the surface of tumor cells
Mattes, M. J., Griffiths, G. L., Diril, H., Goldenberg, D. M., Ong, G. L., & Shih, L. B. (1994) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19940201)73:3+ · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Engineered anti-CD70 antibody-drug conjugate with increased therapeutic index
McDonagh, C. F., Kim, K. M., Turcott, E., Brown, L. L., Westendorf, L., Feist, T., Sussman, D. R., Stone, I. J., Anderson, M. E., Miyamoto, J. B., et al. (2008) · Molecular Cancer Therapeutics · doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0295 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
FcγR: The key to optimize therapeutic antibodies?
Sibéril, S., Dutertre, C., Fridman, W. H., & Teillaud, J. (2007) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2006.12.003 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Zirconium-labeled monoclonal antibodies and their distribution in tumor-bearing nude mice.
Meijs, W. E., Haisma, H. J., Klok, R. P., et al. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Fc receptors for IgG and antigen presentation on MHC class I and class II molecules
Amigorena, S., & Bonnerot, C. (1999) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1006/smim.1999.0196 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Evaluation of a peptide ELISA for the detection of rituximab in serum
Blasco, H., Lalmanach, G., Godat, E., et al. (2007) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2007.06.011 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Measurement of macromolecular diffusion coefficients in human tumors
Brown, E. B., Boucher, Y., Nasser, S. M., et al. (2004) · Microvascular Research · doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2004.02.001 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Investigation of the Role of FcγR and FcRn in mAb Distribution to the Brain
Abuqayyas, L., & Balthasar, J. P. (2012) · Molecular Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1021/mp300214k · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression after successful treatment for nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Uchitomi, Y., Mikami, I., Kugaya, A., Akizuki, N., Nagai, K., Nishiwaki, Y., Akechi, T., & Okamura, H. (2000) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(20000901)89:5 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Li, H., Ortiz, R., Tran, L. T., et al. (2012) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-012-9435-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Boswell, C. A., Bumbaca, D., Fielder, P. J., & Khawli, L. A. (2012) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-012-9374-1 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Effect of FCGR2A and FCGR3A variants on CLL outcome
Dornan, D., Spleiss, O., Yeh, R.-F., Duchâteau-Nguyen, G., Dufour, A. M., Zhi, J., Robak, T., Si, M., Dmoszyńska, A., Solal‐Céligny, P., et al. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2010-03-272765 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Blumenthal, R. D., Fand, I., Sharkey, R. M., et al. (1991) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/bf01741594 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
FcγRIIB as a modulator of autoimmune disease susceptibility
Tarasenko, T., Dean, J. A., & Bolland, S. M. (2007) · Autoimmunity · doi:10.1080/08916930701464665 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Jones, D. H., Nusbacher, J., & Anderson, C. L. (1985) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.100.2.558 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Abuqayyas, L., & Balthasar, J. P. (2012) · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics · doi:10.1007/s10928-012-9279-8 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationDuan, X., Dai, L.-P., Chen, S., Balthasar, J. P., & Qu, J. (2012) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.007 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationLangmuir, V. K., Mendonca, H. L., & Woo, D. V. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Abuqayyas, L., & Balthasar, J. P. (2012) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.09.042 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationAbuqayyas, L., & Balthasar, J. P. (2012) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-012-9357-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationDaban, J. (2001) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/1522-2683()22:5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Nishio, S., Yamamoto, T., Kaneko, K., Tanaka-Matsumoto, N., Muraoka, S., Kaburaki, M., Kusunoki, Y., Takagi, K., & Kawai, S. (2009) · Modern Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10165-009-0158-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Carter, T. E., Sterling-Levis, K., Ow, K. T., et al. (2004) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-003-0460-1 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Abuqayyas, L., Zhang, X., & Balthasar, J. P. (2013) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.01.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationCaram‐Salas, N. L., Boileau, E., Farrington, G. K., Garber, E. A., Brunette, E., Abulrob, A., & Stanimirovic, D. B. (2011) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-191-8_26 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nishio, S., Yamamoto, T., Kaneko, K., et al. (2009) · Modern Rheumatology · doi:10.3109/s10165-009-0158-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Limitations of Noncompartmental Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Biotech Drugs
Straughn, A. B. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9783527609628.ch7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Refinement of the Population Pharmacokinetic Model for the Monoclonal Antibody Matuzumab
Kuester, K., Kovar, A., Lüpfert, C., Brockhaus, B., & Kloft, C. (2009) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.2165/11313400-000000000-00000 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Brown, E. B., Boucher, Y., Nasser, S. M., et al. (2004) · Microvascular Research · doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2004.08.004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tutorial on monoclonal antibody pharmacokinetics and its considerations in early development
Ovacik, M., & Lin, K. (2018) · Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1111/cts.12567 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
De Sutter, P.-J., Gasthuys, E., & Vermeulen, A. (2024) · Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics · doi:10.1007/s10928-023-09894-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Glassman, P. M., Abuqayyas, L., & Balthasar, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Amgen (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Balthasar, Joseph P.
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-02-23
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- S3
- Pages
- S29-38
- ISSN
- 0021-9754 (ISSN-L)
- 0091-2700
- 1552-4604
- OpenAlex
- W1905868842
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Biosimilars and Bioanalytical Methods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications
- Keywords
- therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, antibody biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, protein binding, tissue distribution, elimination kinetics, nonlinear pharmacokinetics, model-based prediction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humans, Models, Biological, Tissue Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review