The DOI matches its Crossref record; 74 of the 76 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Intergenerational Ties in Context: Grandparents Caring for Grandchildren in China
Open accessAbstract
Guided by theories and empirical research on intergenerational relationships, we examine the phenomenon of grandparents caring for grandchildren in contemporary China. Using a longitudinal dataset (China Health and Nutrition Survey), we document a high level of structural and functional solidarity in grandparent-grandchildren relationships. Intergenerational solidarity is indicated by a high rate of coresidence between grandchildren and grandparents, a sizable number of skipped-generation households (no parent present), extensive childcare involvement by non-coresidential grandparents, and a large amount of care provided by coresidential grandparents. Multivariate analysis further suggests that grandparents' childcare load is adaptive to familial needs, as reflected by the characteristics of the household, household members, and work activities of the mothers.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Intergenerational solidarity is seen in extensive childcare provided by grandparents, in the form of either coresidence (including skippedgeneration arrangements, with no parent present) or support provided by noncoresident grandparents (Chen et al. 2011).”
From The Social and Sociological Consequences of China's One-Child Policy (2021) · cites this paper as Chen et al. 2011
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“With only one child, parents are making more of an effort to invest in their children's education and to pay for their housing and other expenses (Davis & Sensenbrenner 2000, Zhai & Gao 2010, Chen et al. 2011).”
From The Social and Sociological Consequences of China's One-Child Policy (2021) · cites this paper as Chen et al. 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
中華人民共和国国家統計局 (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,443
Hsiao, C. (2022) · doi:10.1017/9781009057745 · Cited by 7,869
The life course as developmental theory
Elder, G. H. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06128.x · Cited by 3,513
Belloc, H. (2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,675
Beyond the Nuclear Family: The Increasing Importance of Multigenerational Bonds
Bengtson, V. L. (2001) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00001.x · Cited by 1,640
World Revolution and Family Patterns.
Slater, P. E., & Goode, W. J. (1964) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092135 · Cited by 1,263
Silverstein, M., Cong, Z., & Li, S. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/61.5.s256 · Cited by 728
Yan, Y. (2003) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780804764117 · Cited by 674
Grandparents Caring for their Grandchildren
Hank, K., & Buber‐Ennser, I. (2008) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x08322627 · Cited by 658
China's Floating Population: New Evidence from the 2000 Census
Liang, Z., & Ma, Z. (2004) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2004.00024.x · Cited by 524
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 76 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Elder, 1998, Child development, 69, 1, 10.2307/1132065 · DOI
- 1997, ASIAPACIFIC POPULATION JOURNAL, 12, 5
- 2006, 37, 191
- 1998, Social Forces, 76, 851, 10.1093/sf/76.3.851 · DOI · Paper page
- 1986, 22, 4
- 2009, Journal of Gerontology, 64B, 489
- 2001, POPULATION BULLETIN OF THE UNITED NATIONS, Special Issue 42/43, 255
- 2003, CHINA REVIEW, 3, 95
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 685
Nourkova, V. V. (2020) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.375 · Cited by 6
Tan, T. X., Wang, J. H., Wang, P., & Huang, Y. T. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12755 · Cited by 6
Zhang, Y., Jiang, X., & Xiang, Y. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04378-7 · Cited by 7
EXAMINING THE TIMING OF WOMEN'S RETIREMENT IN URBAN CHINA: A DISCRETE TIME HAZARD RATE APPROACH
Hare, D. (2017) · Contemporary Economic Policy · doi:10.1111/coep.12269 · Cited by 6
Luo, M. (2025) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.70017 · Cited by 5
Wang, Y., & Sun, X. (2026) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18060893 · Cited by 5
Negotiations Between Chinese Gay Men and Lesbians and Their Parents About Marriage
Ning, X., Kiu, C. C., & Sijia, G. (2019) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/1609406919862732 · Cited by 5
Lamm, B., Schmidt, W. J., Ndzenyuiy, M. N., & Keller, H. (2023) · Ethos · doi:10.1111/etho.12376 · Cited by 5
Fathering, living arrangements, and child development in China
Liu, W., & Yu, J. J. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.1080/21620555.2024.2303602 · Cited by 8
Bai, H., Li, M., & Hong, Y. (2024) · International Sociology · doi:10.1177/02685809241254356 · Cited by 6
A New Era in Living Arrangements: Determinants of Quality of Life Among Chinese Older Adults
Ye, M., Chen, Y., & Peng, Y. (2017) · Quality of life in Asia · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-4313-0_3 · Cited by 5
Koss, M. P., Hansen, M., Anderson, E. J., Bach, M. H., & Bramsen, R. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.035 · Cited by 5
Shi, M., Shi, Y., Zhao, Z., Zhai, X., & Xiang, F. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14432-x · Cited by 5
Coping with the COVID-19 lockdown: The role of household and family responsibilities in Beijing
Xu, W., Dijst, M., & Chai, Y. (2022) · Transactions in Planning and Urban Research · doi:10.1177/27541223221143383 · Cited by 5
He, L., Xu, Z., Chen, G., Wang, J., Zhao, J., Zhang, Z., Yang, Y., Shi, S., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19084 · Cited by 7
Gu, X. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80382-283-920231003 · Cited by 5
La prise en charge des aînés face au défi du vieillissement
Collombet, C., & Gimbert, V. (2014) · Informations sociales · doi:10.3917/inso.185.0056 · Cited by 5
Gender Differences in Grandparent Attachment Among Chinese Students
Liu, R. X., & Chen, Z. (2016) · International Journal of School Health · doi:10.17795/intjsh-32195 · Cited by 5
Dental knowledge and awareness among grandparents
Oberoi, J. (2016) · World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.5409/wjcp.v5.i1.112 · Cited by 5
Dai, Q., Lim, A. K., & Xu, Q. (2017) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2017.1385608 · Cited by 5
Ko, H.-J., Cheng, Y., Fox, P. A., Bleech, H. M., & Hooker, K. A. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96232-0_12 · Cited by 5
Wang, L.-M., Emmen, R. A. G., & Mesman, J. (2019) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415019836103 · Cited by 5
Religious Heterogamy and the Intergenerational Transmission of Religion in China
McPhail, B. L., & Yang, F. (2020) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12667 · Cited by 6
Xu, Q. W. (2021) · China Population and Development Studies · doi:10.1007/s42379-021-00082-w · Cited by 6
Li, W., Emmen, R. A. G., Woudstra, M. J., Branger, M. C. E., Wang, L.-M., Alink, L. R. A., & Mesman, J. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02207-8 · Cited by 5
Tan, T. X., Wang, P., Li, G., & Lane‐Holbert, M. (2022) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12843 · Cited by 6
Siriphon, A., & Li, J. (2023) · Journal of Chinese Overseas · doi:10.1163/17932548-12341478 · Cited by 5
Guo, H., & Ngai, S. S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18199950 · Cited by 5
Wang, X., Luo, R., Liu, C., Zhang, L., Yue, A., Medina, A., & Rozelle, S. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191549 · Cited by 4
Zhang, X., Wang, Y., & Geng, F. (2025) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2025.2502728 · Cited by 9
Xu, X., Song, L., Yang, Y., Xiong, J., & Li, Y. (2025) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.70021 · Cited by 5
Wu, J., Zhu, J., Lei, Y., & Shi, L. (2025) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-025-00370-1 · Cited by 4
Social participation and loneliness in older adults: the moderating role of views of social change
Xu, W., & Hu, H. (2024) · Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development · doi:10.1080/29949769.2024.2420896 · Cited by 6
Sun, X., & Liao, W. (2024) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2024.104918 · Cited by 6
Qian, Y., Qiao, G. H., Zhang, G., He, X., & Ma, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1504195 · Cited by 5
Lin, C., Cui, Y., Wang, X., Su, X., Zhang, L., & Peng, Q. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15081141 · Cited by 10
Tan, J., Gan, S. W., Cheah, C. S. L., & Tan, S. A. (2025) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.70063 · Cited by 6
Lamas-Abraira, L. (2021) · Migraciones Publicación del Instituto Universitario de Estudios sobre Migraciones · doi:10.14422/mig.i52.y2021.005 · Cited by 7
Chen, M., & Fu, Y. (2023) · China Perspectives · doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.15775 · Cited by 4
‘Villagers in the City’: Resilience in migrant youth amidst urbanisation
Lu, S. (2022) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcac122 · Cited by 4
Yang, J., Shen, Y., Deng, Y., & Liao, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.950870 · Cited by 4
The family structural and socioeconomic characteristics of the family well‐being of Hong Kong people
Xia, L. L. L., Wong, M. M. C., Joyce, L. C., & Wan, P. (2023) · International Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.1111/ijsw.12627 · Cited by 4
Understanding parental preference for childcare: a cross-sectional study in Chongqing, China
Liu, B., Liu, L., & Hong, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2024.1380334 · Cited by 5
Jiang, J., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2025.2471837 · Cited by 4
Relações entre avós e seus netos adolescentes: uma revisão integrativa
Oliveira, A. R. V., & Pinho, D. L. M. (2013) · Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia · doi:10.1590/s1809-98232013000300019 · Cited by 4
At the Crossroads of Women’s Experience
Pang, J. S., & Baumann, N. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.015 · Cited by 4
Education and Repertoires of Care in Migrant Families in Rural China
Murphy, R. (2021) · Comparative Education Review · doi:10.1086/717449 · Cited by 4
Zhang, H., Yang, F., Twumasi, M. A., Chandio, A. A., & Sargani, G. R. (2022) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12010118 · Cited by 4
Permana, B., Yusuf, A., Bakar, A., & Lindayani, L. (2024) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/23779608231226072 · Cited by 4
Sex/Gender Differences in the Brain and their Relationship to Behavior
Eliot, L. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.007 · Cited by 4
Fertility, Childbirth, and Parenting
Macleod, C. I., & Morison, T. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.011 · Cited by 5
Aransiola, J. O., Akinyemi, A. I., Akinlo, A., & Togonu-Bickesteeth, F. (2017) · GrandFamilies The Contemporary Journal of Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.15453/3067-3674.1050 · Cited by 4
ĐINH, N. T. T., & Kilenthong, W. (2019) · The Singapore Economic Review · doi:10.1142/s0217590819500267 · Cited by 4
Development in Early Childhood
Joshi, P., & Shukla, S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-9258-0_3 · Cited by 7
Patrilocal, Matrilocal or Neolocal? Intergenerational Proximity of Married Couples in ChinaPreprint
Gruijters, R. J., & Ermisch, J. (2018) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/xzqbe · Cited by 5
Zhang, M., Ng, F. F., Yu, D., & von Suchodoletz, A. (2023) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.12.004 · Cited by 3
I am just a sister: a field study on sister as mother role from Guangdong, China
Feng, Z., Ye, Y., Wang, H., & Wang, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1361096 · Cited by 6
Huang, H., Tao, J., Lei, Y., Chen, R., & Fang, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1433391 · Cited by 3
Li, T., & Sun, Y. Y. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-07899-5 · Cited by 3
A mixed-methods study of adaption challenges and social networks of older urban relocators in China
Wangliu, Y., Guo, J., Hu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23095-3 · Cited by 7
Ma, Y., Feng, Q., Zhen, Z., & Zhao, L. (2025) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaf138 · Cited by 3
Gonzalez, A. B., Tejero, L. M. S., & Gallego, R. I. F. (2025) · Journal of Intergenerational Relationships · doi:10.1080/15350770.2025.2543501 · Cited by 3
Wang, D., Shen, M., & Wu, X. (2025) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2025.102586 · Cited by 3
Hou, Y., & Suitor, J. J. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbad138 · Cited by 3
Luo, M. (2025) · Journal of Family and Economic Issues · doi:10.1007/s10834-025-10042-y · Cited by 3
Thang, L. L. (2016) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-56338-5_7 · Cited by 3
The Development of Community Eldercare in Shanghai
Chen, L., & Ye, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4960-1_3 · Cited by 3
Leung, S. A., & Cinamon, R. G. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.024 · Cited by 4
Understanding Gender Inequality in Poverty and Social Exclusion through a Psychological Lens
Zhang, M. F., & Gordon, D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.033 · Cited by 3
Zheng, Y., Zhu, L., Patrick, D. L., Li, Y., Xu, F., Zhang, L., Song, M., Xiao, C., Chen, B., Chen, Y., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035688 · Cited by 3
Translocal Households and Family Visions in Contemporary Vietnam
Luong, H. V. (2021) · European Journal of East Asian Studies · doi:10.1163/15700615-20211008 · Cited by 3
A Scoping Review on Intergenerational Learning in Urban China
Yuan, Y., & Wu, L. (2021) · Acta Educationis Generalis · doi:10.2478/atd-2021-0021 · Cited by 3
Family-of-origin triangulation and marital stability: A multiple mediation model
Song, Y., Liu, S., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.11420 · Cited by 3
Daily work stress and parent-to-child aggression: moderation of grandparent coresidence
Wang, W., & Li, M. (2023) · Chinese Sociological Review · doi:10.1080/21620555.2023.2165060 · Cited by 3
Li, A. (2023) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231231184221 · Cited by 3
The effect of CEOs’ being the only children in the family on their CSR engagement
Huang, R., Yang, G., Chen, X., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Society and Business Review · doi:10.1108/sbr-01-2023-0033 · Cited by 4
THE IMPACT OF INTERGENERATIONAL PARENTING ON AC COOLING DEMAND: EVIDENCE FROM SOUTHERN CHINA
Zhu, M., Zhong, R., & Chu, W. (2024) · Climate Change Economics · doi:10.1142/s2010007824400037 · Cited by 3
Chapter 3 Changing Mothering Practices and Intergenerational Relations in Contemporary Urban China
Breengaard, M. H. (2016) · Parenthood between Generations · doi:10.1515/9781789204674-006 · Cited by 3
Living distance and women’s labor force participation: evidence from China
Li, X. (2024) · Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy · doi:10.1080/13547860.2024.2330153 · Cited by 3
Wang, Z., Liang, J., & Chen, W. (2024) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-024-09485-8 · Cited by 4
Evolutionary Roots of Women’s Aggression
Davis, A. C., Vaillancourt, T., & Archer, J. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.022 · Cited by 4
How does childcare by grandparents affect the health of children in China?
Liu, H., Li, Y., Tisdell, C., & Wang, F. “. (2021) · Economics & Sociology · doi:10.14254/2071-789x.2021/14-4/1 · Cited by 3
Leung, M. M., Fu, H., Agaronov, A., & Freudenberg, N. (2015) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.02.017 · Cited by 3
Family systems and fertility : fertility behaviour in Europe from a network perspective
Mönkediek, B. (2016) · doi:10.18174/379576 · Cited by 4
A Mixed-methods Study of Adaption Challenges and Social Networks of Older Migrants in ChinaPreprint
Wangliu, Y., Guo, J., Hu, Y., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3094529/v1 · Cited by 3
Dong, B., & Liu, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1419294 · Cited by 3
Kian, K. T. C., Cheng, M. G., Liu, C., & Chang, M. S. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development · doi:10.1080/29949769.2025.2516223 · Cited by 2
Feng, M., Liu, Q., Du, D., & Ren, Y. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17142267 · Cited by 2
Wei, Y., & Liu, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2025.103357 · Cited by 3
Grandparenthood and Grandparenting in Asia
Dommaraju, P., & Wong, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7842-7_40 · Cited by 2
Wan, Z., & Gao, X. A. (2025) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2025.2576070 · Cited by 2
Wang, M., Yin, X., Chen, S., & Chen, X. M. (2025) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.70066 · Cited by 2
Shen, Y., Xu, X., Emmers, D., Cai, K., Ye, S. D., Zhang, M., & Rozelle, S. (2026) · International Journal of Social Welfare · doi:10.1111/ijsw.70072 · Cited by 2
Tang, F., Jang, H., & Mulvaney, E. A. (2019) · GrandFamilies The Contemporary Journal of Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.15453/3067-3674.1079 · Cited by 2
Au, A. K. Y., Chen, S. X., & Cross, S. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.017 · Cited by 2
A Gendered Light on Empathy, Prosocial Behavior, and Forgiveness
Karniol, R., & Čehajić‐Clancy, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108561716.020 · Cited by 1
Family vulnerability for sick older adults: An empirical ethics study
Zou, X., & Nie, J. (2020) · Nursing Ethics · doi:10.1177/0969733020964850 · Cited by 2
The State, Local Sociocultural Landscape, and Global Neoliberal Ideology in Vietnam
Luong, H. V. (2023) · The Journal of Asian Studies · doi:10.1215/00219118-10471941 · Cited by 2
Zhao, J., Shen, L. C., Shields, J. L., Wang, Y.-X., Wu, Y., Yu, Z., & Li, Y. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11222960 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, F., Liu, G., & Mair, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- North Carolina State University (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, F.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Social Forces
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-12-01
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 571-594
- ISSN
- 0037-7732 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-7605
- PMC
- PMC3337769
- OpenAlex
- W2065101978
- Cited by
- 685
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 77 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 20.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Forces (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Maryland Shared Open Access Repository (USMAI Consortium) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion)
- Duke Law Scholarship Repository (Duke University) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Repository at the University of Maryland (University of Maryland College Park)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K01HD047369)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Keywords
- intergenerational ties, grandparent-grandchild relationships, grandparents caring for grandchildren, co-residence, skipped-generation households, child care, intergenerational solidarity, family structure, maternal employment, China
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review