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Passive Body Heating and Sleep: Influence of Proximity to Sleep
Abstract
Previous studies have found enhanced delta sleep following body heating. This study assessed the influence of body heating as a function of its proximity to sleep. Electroencephalogram (EEG) sleep patterns were compared following body heating (1 h immersion in water at 41 degrees C) at each of four times of day: morning (MO), afternoon (AF), early evening (EE), and late evening (LE), ending just prior to sleep. A delta filter/integrator system provided objective measures of delta content. Relative to baseline nights, whole-night delta sleep was increased by the two evening heating sessions only, particularly LE heating. Following LE, the increased delta occurred primarily in the first sleep cycle, whereas EE heating elicited increased delta distributed across the later sleep cycles (cycles 2-4). Effects on manually staged indices of slow wave sleep (SWS) were confined to increases in Stage 4 in the first sleep cycle following LE heating. Heating just prior to sleep also resulted in a substantial reduction in the duration of the first rapid eye movement sleep period. Sleep onset time was reduced by heating, particularly EE heating. The results indicate that body heating induces temporary changes that affect sleep propensity and both the quantity and temporal distribution of delta activity in the sleep EEG.
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“It is important to note that this sleep enhancement seems to occur mostly when the heat stress is annihilated, i.e., core temperature is no longer elevated, while skin temperature is still somewhat increased due to the overshoot in heat dissipation [10, 11, 20, 23–25, 40, 41, 44, 45, 76].”
From Sleep, vigilance, and thermosensitivity (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Body heating activates heat dissipation for a duration that outlasts the heat stress, and consequently may keep skin blood flow higher for a few hours.”
From Sleep, vigilance, and thermosensitivity (2012) · cites this paper as [10]
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Benington, J. H., & Heller, H. C. (1995) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)00057-o · Cited by 828
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bunnell, D. E., Agnew, J. A., Horvath, S. M., Jopson, & Wills, M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bunnell, David E.
- ORCID
- Bunnell, David E.
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1988-03
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 210-219
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W2409143442
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep onset, delta sleep, slow-wave sleep, REM sleep, sleep timing, sleep cycles, sleep latency, sleep propensity, sleep EEG, hot water immersion
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Temperature Regulation, Brain, Electroencephalography, Female, Hot Temperature, Humans, Male, Sleep Stages, Time Factors
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