Sleep, vigilance, and thermosensitivity
Open accessAbstract
The regulation of sleep and wakefulness is well modeled with two underlying processes: a circadian and a homeostatic one. So far, the parameters and mechanisms of additional sleep-permissive and wake-promoting conditions have been largely overlooked. The present overview focuses on one of these conditions: the effect of skin temperature on the onset and maintenance of sleep, and alertness. Skin temperature is quite well suited to provide the brain with information on sleep-permissive and wake-promoting conditions because it changes with most if not all of them. Skin temperature changes with environmental heat and cold, but also with posture, environmental light, danger, nutritional status, pain, and stress. Its effect on the brain may thus moderate the efficacy by which the clock and homeostat manage to initiate or maintain sleep or wakefulness. The review provides a brief overview of the neuroanatomical pathways and physiological mechanisms by which skin temperature can affect the regulation of sleep and vigilance. In addition, current pitfalls and possibilities of practical applications for sleep enhancement are discussed, including the recent finding of impaired thermal comfort perception in insomniacs.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review argues that skin temperature provides the brain with sleep-permissive and wake-promoting information that supplements the classic circadian-clock and homeostatic-hourglass model. It synthesizes animal and human evidence that mild skin warming promotes sleep and mild skin cooling promotes vigilance, with practical sleep-enhancement applications complicated by the need to avoid raising core body temperature.
Key findings
- Skin temperature changes with environmental heat/cold, posture, light, danger, nutritional status, pain, and stress, making it well suited to signal conditions that permit sleep or promote wakefulness.
- Controlled water-perfused thermosuit studies found that very mild skin cooling enhances sustained task performance and the ability to maintain wakefulness, while mild skin warming facilitates sleep onset and promotes slow wave sleep and sleep maintenance in younger and older healthy adults and in patients with insomnia or narcolepsy.
- Within the comfortable thermoneutral range, proximal skin temperature manipulation had a stronger effect than manipulating core temperature or distal skin temperature; animal work indicates mild skin warming generally drives brain areas toward more sleep-like firing patterns, with the preoptic area of the anterior hypothalamus playing a key role.
- Practical translation is not trivial: field studies using a heating blanket disrupted sleep, likely because continued heating raises core body temperature; the authors propose subtle closed-loop skin-temperature control or pre-sleep body heating, and note impaired thermal comfort perception in some insomniacs, supported by a finding that sleep-complaint severity correlated with structural abnormalities in orbitofrontal cortex.
Methods
- Narrative review/overview synthesizing neuroanatomical, physiological, animal, and human evidence on skin temperature, sleep, and vigilance.
- Human evidence discussed includes constant routine and forced desynchrony protocols with sleep–wake cycles of more than 24 h (e.g., 28 h) or less than 24 h (e.g., 20 h), correlational studies, and controlled skin-temperature manipulation studies using a water-perfused thermosuit.
- No primary data collection, systematic search strategy, or sample size is reported; the paper is a review with schematic figures and cited literature.
Limitations
- Stated: correlational studies cannot establish causality; skin temperature was usually not measured in constant routine/forced desynchrony studies, so the relative contribution of inversely related core and skin temperature changes to vigilance variance could not be evaluated; translation from lab thermosuit studies to daily life is not trivial; a heating blanket disrupted sleep in field studies; some insomnia phenotypes may not benefit from further heat dissipation; some data are unpublished; rigorous phenotype profiling and long-term field assessment are needed.
- Evident from the text: this is a narrative review rather than a systematic review or meta-analysis, many claims depend on cited studies not fully detailed here, and the paper notes that it has never been systematically evaluated whether nocturnal thermoregulatory behavior differs between insomniacs and people without sleep complaints.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 93 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
In some insomniacs, metabolic heat production and heat-dissipating mechanisms are both elevated.
“However, we have unpublished data suggesting that in some insomniacs, metabolic heat production and heat-dissipating mechanisms are both elevated.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Both light and temperature can affect clock mechanisms at the cellular and systems level.
“both light and temperature can affect clock mechanisms at the cellular and systems level, as will be touched upon later [21, 84].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [21] Dibner C, Schibler U, Albrecht U (2010) The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annu Rev Physiol 72:517–549 source
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- cites [84] Van Someren EJW (2003) Thermosensitivity of the circadian timing system. Sleep Biol Rhythms 1:55–64 source
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- Premisecitation
Molecular clock mechanisms are found in every single cell.
“Indeed, molecular clock mechanisms are found in every single cell (reviewed in [21]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Dibner C, Schibler U, Albrecht U (2010) The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annu Rev Physiol 72:517–549 source
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- Premisecitation
The core model of sleep-wake regulation consists of a circadian component and a homeostatic component.
“The regulation of sleep and wakefulness is well modeled with two underlying processes: a circadian and a homeostatic one.”
- Also stated in: § Sleep regulation: are a clock and an hourglass sufficient? · plain
“the core model of sleep–wake regulation consists of a circadian component and a homeostatic component [7, 19, 22].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [7] Borbély AA (1982) A two process model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol 1:195–204
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- cites [19] Daan S, Beersma DG, Borbely AA (1984) Timing of human sleep: recovery process gated by a circadian pacemaker. Am J Physiol 246:R161–R183
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- cites [22] Dijk DJ, Czeisler CA (1995) Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans. J Neurosci 15:3526–3538 source
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- Also stated in: § Sleep regulation: are a clock and an hourglass sufficient? · plain
- Premisenone given
A number of studies that specifically investigated spontaneous or indirectly experimentally induced fluctuations in skin temperature strongly support an association with vigilance.
“A number of studies that specifically investigated spontaneous or indirectly experimentally induced fluctuations in skin temperature, however, strongly support an association with vigilance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Premisecitation
Several neuronal systems directly or indirectly involved in sleep-wake regulation are sensitive to temperature.
“Indeed, several neuronal systems that are directly or indirectly involved in sleep–wake regulation are sensitive to temperature (reviewed in [84–86]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [84] Van Someren EJW (2003) Thermosensitivity of the circadian timing system. Sleep Biol Rhythms 1:55–64 source
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- cites [85] Van Someren EJW (2004) Sleep propensity is modulated by circadian and behavior-induced changes in cutaneous temperature. J Therm Biol 29:437–444 source
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- cites [86] Van Someren EJW (2006) Mechanisms and functions of coupling between sleep and temperature rhythms. Prog Brain Res 153:309–324 source
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- Premisecitation
Healthy people fall asleep more easily if their skin temperature or bed temperature is higher.
“Healthy people fall asleep more easily if their skin temperature or bed temperature is higher [47, 48, 93].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [47] Kräuchi K, Cajochen C, Werth E, Wirz-Justice A (1999) Warm feet promote the rapid onset of sleep. Nature 401:36–37 source
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- cites [48] Kräuchi K, Cajochen C, Werth E, Wirz-Justice A (2000) Functional link between distal vasodilation and sleep-onset latency? Am J Physiol 278:R741–R748
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- cites [93] Weysen TE, Chestakov DA, Raymann RJ (2010) Is the temperature in your bed related to sleep onset? J Sleep Res 19:S332
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- Premisenone given
Ambient temperature cycles do not appear to affect the intact SCN, the central clock of the brain.
“On the other hand, such cycles do not appear to affect the intact SCN, the central clock of the brain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The effect of skin temperature on the brain may moderate the efficacy by which the clock and homeostat manage to initiate or maintain sleep or wakefulness.
“Its effect on the brain may thus moderate the efficacy by which the clock and homeostat manage to initiate or maintain sleep or wakefulness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In humans, the decrease in VIP occurs in a gender-specific way, mostly in males.
“In humans, the decrease in VIP occurs in a gender-specific way, i.e., in males mostly [77].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [77] Swaab DF, Van Someren EJW, Zhou JN, Hofman MA (1996) Biological rhythms in the human life cycle and their relationship to functional changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Prog Brain Res 111:349–368 source
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- Premisecitation
Peripheral oscillators, including those in the brain such as the cerebral cortex, can be entrained by ambient temperature cycles.
“evidence has accumulated over the last decade to indicate that peripheral oscillators, including those in the brain (e.g., cerebral cortex), can be entrained by ambient temperature cycles [8, 9, 28].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [8] Brown SA, Zumbrunn G, Fleury-Olela F, Preitner N, Schibler U (2002) Rhythms of mammalian body temperature can sustain peripheral circadian clocks. Curr Biol 12:1574–1583 source
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- cites [9] Buhr ED, Yoo SH, Takahashi JS (2010) Temperature as a universal resetting cue for mammalian circadian oscillators. Science 330:379–385 source
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- cites [28] Edery I (2010) Circadian rhythms. Temperatures to communicate by. Science 330:329–330 source
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- Premisecitation
Sleep onset and maintenance depend on sleep-permissive and wake-promoting conditions such as posture.
“In real life, sleep onset and maintenance also depend on whether some seemingly trivial yet crucial conditions are met, like having attained an appropriate posture.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [2] Aeschbach D, Cajochen C, Tobler I, Dijk DJ, Borbely AA (1994) Sleep in a sitting position: effect of triazolam on sleep stages and EEG power spectra. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 114:209–214 source
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- cites [13] Caldwell JA, Prazinko B, Caldwell JL (2003) Body posture affects electroencephalographic activity and psychomotor vigilance task performance in sleep-deprived subjects. Clin Neurophysiol 114:23–31 source
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- cites [14] Caldwell JA, Prazinko BF, Hall KK (2000) The effects of body posture on resting electroencephalographic activity in sleep-deprived subjects. Clin Neurophysiol 111:464–470 source
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- cites [18] Cole RJ (1989) Postural baroreflex stimuli may affect EEG arousal and sleep in humans. J Appl Physiol 67:2369–2375 source
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- cites [49] Kräuchi K, Cajochen C, Wirz-Justice A (1997) A relationship between heat loss and sleepiness: effects of postural change and melatonin administration. J Appl Physiol 83:134–139 source
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- cites [62] Nicholson AN, Stone BM (1987) Influence of back angle on the quality of sleep in seats. Ergonomics 30:1033–1041 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
Skin temperature is well suited to provide the brain with information on sleep-permissive and wake-promoting conditions because it changes with most if not all of them.
“Skin temperature is quite well suited to provide the brain with information on sleep-permissive and wake-promoting conditions because it changes with most if not all of them.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In aging, communication between SCN neurons is likely compromised because of low expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, an essential factor in electrical synchronization of SCN neurons.
“This is an interesting observation with respect to aging, where communication between SCN neurons is likely to be compromised because of low expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, an essential factor in electrical synchronization of SCN neurons [56].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [56] Maywood ES, Reddy AB, Wong GK, O’Neill JS, O’Brien JA, McMahon DG, Harmar AJ, Okamura H, Hastings MH (2006) Synchronization and maintenance of timekeeping in suprachiasmatic circadian clock cells by neuropeptidergic signaling. Curr Biol 16:599–605 source
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- Premisecitation
Information on skin temperature also reaches brain areas involved in functions other than thermoregulation.
“However, information on skin temperature does not only reach brain areas with a primary involvement in thermoregulation but also brain areas involved in other functions (reviewed in [83]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [83] Van Someren EJW (2000) More than a marker: interaction between the circadian regulation of temperature and sleep, age-related changes, and treatment possibilities. Chronobiol Int 17:313–354 source
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- Premisecitation
The SCN becomes sensitive to ambient temperature cycles only if communication between its neurons is restricted, as in early development or with tetrodotoxin application.
“The SCN itself becomes sensitive to ambient temperature cycles only if communication between its neurons is restricted, as is the case in early development [39] or can be accomplished with application of tetrodotoxin [9].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [39] Herzog ED, Huckfeldt RM (2003) Circadian entrainment to temperature, but not light, in the isolated suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Neurophysiol 90:763–770 source
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- cites [9] Buhr ED, Yoo SH, Takahashi JS (2010) Temperature as a universal resetting cue for mammalian circadian oscillators. Science 330:379–385 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
The clock and hourglass model does not account for the familiar experience that it is easier to stay awake in an upright position and easier to fall asleep in a supine position.
“Back to our question: how does the consensus model of sleep regulation account for the quite familiar experience that it is easier to stay awake in an upright position and easier to fall asleep in a supine position? Does this simple change of posture phase-shift our clock? Does it tilt the hourglass? Does it affect these processes at all? The answer seems to be a definitive no.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The effect of a mild increase in skin temperature in general seemed to drive different brain areas towards more sleep-like firing patterns.
“In contrast, the effect of a mild increase in skin temperature in general seemed to drive different brain areas towards more sleep-like firing patterns.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Information on skin temperature, measured with cold and warm receptors and conveyed through thermosensitive afferent pathways, reaches the brain to allow thermoregulation.
“Information on skin temperature, measured with cold and warm receptors and conveyed through thermosensitive afferent pathways, reaches the brain in order to allow for thermoregulation [38].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [38] Hensel H (1973) Cutaneous thermoreceptors. In: Iggo A (ed) Handbook of sensory physiology, volume II: somatosensory system. Springer, Berlin, pp 79–110
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- Interpretationreasoning
If these findings can be translated to a real-life situation, a mild increase in skin temperature might promote sleep.
“If these findings can be translated to a real-life situation, a mild increase in skin temperature might promote sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Within the comfortable thermoneutral range that does not directly trigger thermoregulatory responses, the effect of a proximal skin temperature manipulation is stronger than the effect of manipulating either core temperature or distal skin temperature.
“The studies therefore allowed for the conclusion that, within the comfortable thermoneutral range that does not directly trigger thermoregulatory responses, the effect of a proximal skin temperature manipulation is stronger than the effect of manipulating either core temperature or distal skin temperature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
People, during brief arousals from sleep, apply behavioral thermoregulation by kicking away blankets or duvet to expose limbs to the cooler environment alternating with covering oneself to create a warm microclimate.
“If one examines time lapse videos of sleeping humans, it seems evident that people, during brief arousals from sleep, apply behavioral thermoregulation by kicking away the blankets or duvet to expose limbs to the cooler environment alternating with covering oneself to create a warm microclimate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The skin is a relatively good insulator, keeping heat within the body up to an environmental temperature of about 33°C.
“The skin is a relatively good insulator, keeping the heat within the body up to an environmental temperature of about 33°C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Fig. 2
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- cites [6] Barcroft H, Edholm OG (1943) The effect of temperature on blood flow and deep temperature in the human forearm. J Physiol 102:5–20 source
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- cites [29] Fagrell B (1985) Dynamics of skin microcirculation in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 7(Suppl 3):S53–S58 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
The large increase in skin blood flow with a small increase in skin temperature effectively reduces the heat insulation properties the skin normally provides and facilitates heat flow from the core to the environment.
“The large increase in skin blood flow with this small increase in skin temperature effectively reduces the heat insulation properties the skin normally provides, and facilitates heat flow from the core to the environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Healthy people perform better during the troughs of their normal daytime skin temperature fluctuations.
“With respect to the ability to maintain alert wakefulness, healthy people perform better during the troughs of their normal daytime skin temperature fluctuations [74].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [74] Romeijn N, Van Someren EJW (2011) Correlated fluctuations of daytime skin temperature and vigilance. J Biol Rhythms 26:68–77 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
If the rationale is correct, only more subtle approaches of direct skin temperature manipulation are likely to produce the desired sleep-promoting effect.
“If our rationale is correct, one may argue that only more subtle approaches of direct skin temperature manipulation are likely to produce the desired sleep-promoting effect (Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Preliminary findings in healthy elderly people and demented elderly people indicate more complaints of daytime sleepiness in those who have elevated daytime skin temperature.
“Preliminary findings in both healthy elderly people and demented elderly people also indicate more complaints on daytime sleepiness in those who have elevated daytime skin temperature [60].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [60] Møst E, Van Someren EJW (2008) Elevated daytime skin temperature in cognitively impaired elderly people. J Sleep Res 17:S185
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- Premisecitation
In humans, the environmental temperature to which the skin is exposed strongly determines the volume of blood flowing through the skin vasculature and thus the efficiency of exchanging heat from the body to the environment.
“In humans, the environmental temperature that the skin is exposed to strongly determines the volume of blood flowing through the skin vasculature, and thus the efficiency of exchanging heat from the body to the environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Fig. 2
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- cites [6] Barcroft H, Edholm OG (1943) The effect of temperature on blood flow and deep temperature in the human forearm. J Physiol 102:5–20 source
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- cites [29] Fagrell B (1985) Dynamics of skin microcirculation in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 7(Suppl 3):S53–S58 source
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- Premisecitation
The indirect endogenous skin warming procedure has been shown to improve subsequent sleep in several studies.
“Indeed, this indirect endogenous skin warming procedure has shown to improve subsequent sleep in several studies (reviewed in [68]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [68] Raymann RJEM, Swaab DF, Van Someren EJW (2007) Skin temperature and sleep-onset latency: changes with age and insomnia. Physiol Behav 90:257–266 source
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- Premiseown data
Complaints of early morning awakening may only be alleviated using direct skin temperature manipulation, as demonstrated in lab studies.
“which may only be alleviated using direct skin temperature manipulation, as demonstrated in our lab studies [69].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [69] Raymann RJEM, Swaab DF, Van Someren EJW (2008) Skin deep: cutaneous temperature determines sleep depth. Brain 131:500–513 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
The indirect heating procedure is unlikely to show an effect on complaints of early morning awakening.
“But it is unlikely to show an effect on complaints of early morning awakening”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Field studies trying to improve sleep with a heating blanket show that it disrupts sleep.
“Field studies trying to improve sleep with a heating blanket actually show that it disrupts sleep [31].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] Fletcher A, van den Heuvel C, Dawson D (1999) Sleeping with an electric blanket: effects on core temperature, sleep, and melatonin in young adults. Sleep 22:313–318 source
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- Premisecitation
This sleep enhancement seems to occur mostly when the heat stress is annihilated, i.e., core temperature is no longer elevated, while skin temperature is still somewhat increased due to the overshoot in heat dissipation.
“It is important to note that this sleep enhancement seems to occur mostly when the heat stress is annihilated, i.e., core temperature is no longer elevated, while skin temperature is still somewhat increased due to the overshoot in heat dissipation [10, 11, 20, 23–25, 40, 41, 44, 45, 76].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [10] Bunnell DE, Agnew JA, Horvath SM, Jopson L, Wills M (1988) Passive body heating and sleep: influence of proximity to sleep. Sleep 11:210–219 source
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- cites [11] Bunnell DE, Horvath SM (1985) Effects of body heating during sleep interruption. Sleep 8:274–282 source
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- cites [20] Di Nisi J, Ehrhart J, Galeou M, Libert JP (1989) Influence of repeated passive body heating on subsequent night sleep in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 59:138–145 source
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- Interpretationreasoning
Within a very small temperature range, it is theoretically possible to impose a slightly warmer skin temperature while promoting rather than inhibiting heat loss and thus lowering skin temperature.
“Surprisingly, within a very small temperature range, it appears theoretically possible to impose a slightly warmer skin temperature, yet promoting rather than inhibiting heat loss and thus lowering skin temperature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
These findings provide strong support for a causal contribution of skin temperature to vigilance regulation.
“Concertedly, these findings now provide strong support for a causal contribution of skin temperature to vigilance regulation, as was suggested from animal studies (reviewed in [83]).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [83] Van Someren EJW (2000) More than a marker: interaction between the circadian regulation of temperature and sleep, age-related changes, and treatment possibilities. Chronobiol Int 17:313–354 source
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- Premisecitation
In narcoleptic patients, skin temperature is correlated with daytime sleep propensity.
“and for narcoleptic patients, where skin temperature is correlated to their daytime sleep propensity [32].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [32] Fronczek R, Overeem S, Lammers GJ, Van Dijk JG, Van Someren EJW (2006) Altered skin temperature regulation in narcolepsy relates to sleep propensity. Sleep 29:1444–1449 source
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- Premisecitation
Once the skin is exposed to and takes on an environmental temperature of ~35°C, it dramatically loses its heat-insulating properties and allows for much more effective heat transfer to the environment.
“However, it dramatically loses its heat-insulating properties and allows for a much more effective heat transfer to the environment once it is exposed to, and takes on, an environmental temperature of ~35°C [Fig. 2, 6, 29].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Fig. 2
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- cites [6] Barcroft H, Edholm OG (1943) The effect of temperature on blood flow and deep temperature in the human forearm. J Physiol 102:5–20 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [29] Fagrell B (1985) Dynamics of skin microcirculation in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 7(Suppl 3):S53–S58 source
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- Premisecitation
In younger and older healthy adults, and in patients suffering from either insomnia or narcolepsy, very mild skin cooling enhances sustained task performance and the ability to maintain wakefulness.
“It has been demonstrated in younger and older healthy adults, as well as in patients suffering from either insomnia or narcolepsy, that very mild skin cooling enhances sustained task performance and the ability to maintain wakefulness [34, 70]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [34] Fronczek R, Raymann RJEM, Romeijn N, Overeem S, Fischer M, Van Dijk JG, Lammers GJ, Van Someren EJW (2008) Manipulation of core body and skin temperature improves vigilance and maintenance of wakefulness in narcolepsy. Sleep 31:233–240 source
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- cites [70] Raymann RJEM, Van Someren EJW (2007) Time-on-task impairment of psychomotor vigilance is affected by mild skin warming and changes with aging and insomnia. Sleep 30:96–103 source
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- Premisecitation
Reliable long-term assessment of skin temperature in field studies has recently become as feasible as actigraphic assessments of sleep-wake rhythms has been for many years.
“Since the reliable long-term assessment of skin temperature in field studies has recently become as feasible as actigraphic assessments of sleep–wake rhythms has been for many years [82, 87, 90, 91], it would be of value to assess skin temperature profiles in large cohorts of people with and without sleep complaints.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [82] van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Daanen HAM, Wouters L, Fronczek R, Raymann RJEM, Severens NMW, Van Someren EJW (2006) Evaluation of wireless determination of skin temperature using iButtons. Physiol Behav 88:489–497 source
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- cites [87] Van Someren EJW (2007) Improving actigraphic sleep estimates: how many nights? J Sleep Res 16:269–275 source
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- cites [90] Van Someren EJW, Van Gool WA, Vonk BFM, Mirmiran M, Speelman JD, Bosch DA, Swaab DF (1993) Ambulatory monitoring of tremor and other movements before and after thalamotomy: a new quantitative technique. J Neurol Sci 117:16–23 source
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- Interpretationown data
In cases where metabolic heat production and heat-dissipating mechanisms are both elevated, further enhancement of heat dissipation may not be possible or useful.
“In this case, further enhancement of heat dissipation may not be possible or useful.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Skin warming may thus be helpful for some insomnia phenotypes.
“Skin warming may thus be helpful for some insomnia phenotypes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premiseown data
The severity of sleep complaints in insomnia patients correlated with structural abnormalities in the part of the orbitofrontal cortex that is essential for the evaluation of comfort.
“Interestingly, these observations were recently supported by our finding [5] that the severity of their sleep complaints correlated with structural abnormalities in the part of the orbitofrontal cortex that is essential for the evaluation of comfort [27, 73].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [5] Altena E, Vrenken H, Van Der Werf YD, Van Den Heuvel OAV, Van Someren EJW (2010) Reduced orbitofrontal and parietal grey matter in chronic insomnia: a voxel-based morphometric study. Biol Psychiatry 67:182–185 source
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- cites [27] Dunn BJ, Conover K, Plourde G, Munro D, Kilgour R, Shizgal P (2010) Hedonic valuation during thermal alliesthesia. Abstracts of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, Barcelona
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- cites [73] Rolls ET, Grabenhorst F, Parris BA (2008) Warm pleasant feelings in the brain. NeuroImage 41:1504–1513 source
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- Premisecitation
At least some phenotypes of insomnia may not recognize the most comfortable thermal microclimate that is conducive to sleep.
“We have an indication, however, that at least some phenotypes of insomnia may not recognize the most comfortable thermal microclimate that is conductive to sleep [71].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [71] Raymann RJEM, Van Someren EJW (2008) Diminished capability to recognize the optimal temperature for sleep initiation may contribute to poor sleep in elderly people. Sleep 31:1301–1309
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- May combine two claims. 21
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 1
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe homeostatic component of sleep regulation acts like an hourglass: longer wakefulness increases sleep pressure, which dissipates during sleep and resets after waking.
“The longer we are awake, the stronger the pressure for sleep. While we are asleep, this pressure dissipates, and as soon as we wake up, the process starts all over again, just like turning an hourglass at every transition between sleep and wakefulness [1, 53, 88].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [1] Achermann P, Dijk DJ, Brunner DP, Borbely AA (1993) A model of human sleep homeostasis based on EEG slow-wave activity: quantitative comparison of data and simulations. Brain Res Bull 31:97–113 source
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- cites [53] Leemburg S, Vyazovskiy VV, Olcese U, Bassetti CL, Tononi G, Cirelli C (2010) Sleep homeostasis in the rat is preserved during chronic sleep restriction. PNAS 107:15939–15944 source
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- cites [88] Van Someren EJW (2010) Doing with less sleep remains a dream. PNAS 107:16003–16004 source
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PremisecitationThe central clock of the brain is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and drives many physiological and behavioral rhythms, including promotion of sleep during one part of the circadian cycle and wakefulness during the other part.
“The central clock of our brain is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and drives many physiological and behavioral rhythms including the promotion of sleep during one part of the circadian cycle and wakefulness during the other part [59], in humans respectively night and day.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [59] Mistlberger RE (2005) Circadian regulation of sleep in mammals: role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res Rev 49:429–454 source
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PremisecitationSeveral brain areas involved in sleep regulation are differentially sensitive to local brain temperature, which covaries with core temperature, versus skin temperature, which shows an inverse relation to core temperature during the 24-h cycle.
“As extensively reviewed elsewhere [83], several brain areas involved in sleep regulation are differentially sensitive to the local brain temperature which covaries with core temperature, versus skin temperature which shows an inverse relation to core temperature during the 24-h cycle.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [83] Van Someren EJW (2000) More than a marker: interaction between the circadian regulation of temperature and sleep, age-related changes, and treatment possibilities. Chronobiol Int 17:313–354 source
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe neurobiological mechanisms underlying the homeostatic hourglass are less characterized than the clock mechanisms; important roles have been assigned to adenosine, increased synaptic density during wakefulness, and cytokines.
“The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the hourglass are not characterized as well as the mechanisms of the clock are. As reviewed elsewhere in the present special issue and several times before, important roles have been assigned to adenosine [66], to an increase in synaptic density during wakefulness [79], and to cytokines [50].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [66] Porkka-Heiskanen T, Strecker RE, Thakkar M, Bjorkum AA, Greene RW, McCarley RW (1997) Adenosine: a mediator of the sleep-inducing effects of prolonged wakefulness. Science 276:1265–1268 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [79] Tononi G, Cirelli C (2006) Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis. Sleep Med Rev 10:49–62 source
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- cites [50] Krueger JM, Clinton JM, Winters BD, Zielinski MR, Taishi P, Jewett KA, Davis CJ (2011) Involvement of cytokines in slow wave sleep. Prog Brain Res 193:39–47 source
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PremisecitationBeing in a supine position is a sleep-permissive condition, whereas being upright is a wake-promoting condition.
“Being in a supine position is being in a sleep-permissive condition, whereas being upright is being in a wake-promoting condition [2, 13, 14, 18, 49, 62].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked- cites [2] Aeschbach D, Cajochen C, Tobler I, Dijk DJ, Borbely AA (1994) Sleep in a sitting position: effect of triazolam on sleep stages and EEG power spectra. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 114:209–214 source
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- cites [13] Caldwell JA, Prazinko B, Caldwell JL (2003) Body posture affects electroencephalographic activity and psychomotor vigilance task performance in sleep-deprived subjects. Clin Neurophysiol 114:23–31 source
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- cites [14] Caldwell JA, Prazinko BF, Hall KK (2000) The effects of body posture on resting electroencephalographic activity in sleep-deprived subjects. Clin Neurophysiol 111:464–470 source
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- cites [18] Cole RJ (1989) Postural baroreflex stimuli may affect EEG arousal and sleep in humans. J Appl Physiol 67:2369–2375 source
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- cites [49] Kräuchi K, Cajochen C, Wirz-Justice A (1997) A relationship between heat loss and sleepiness: effects of postural change and melatonin administration. J Appl Physiol 83:134–139 source
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- cites [62] Nicholson AN, Stone BM (1987) Influence of back angle on the quality of sleep in seats. Ergonomics 30:1033–1041 source
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationConstant routine and forced desynchrony studies provide unequivocal observational support that people sleep best while heading towards the trough of their 24-h core body temperature and perform best around its peak.
“First, constant routine and forced desynchrony studies provide unequivocal observational support that people sleep best while they head towards the trough of their 24-h core body temperature and perform best around its peak [94].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [94] Wright KP Jr, Hull JT, Czeisler CA (2002) Relationship between alertness, performance, and body temperature in humans. Am J Physiol 283:R1370–R1377
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PremisecitationSkin temperature is modulated by environmental temperature and by endogenous central and autonomic nervous system processes that actively regulate blood flow through the skin.
“Skin temperature is modulated by environmental and endogenous processes. The human skin is under the influence of environmental temperature. In addition, skin temperature depends on endogenous central and autonomic nervous system processes that actively regulate blood flow through the skin (reviewed in [43]).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43] Johnson JM, Kellogg DL Jr (2010) Thermoregulatory and thermal control in the human cutaneous circulation. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2:825–853 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAnimal studies indicate that both mild local warming of the preoptic area using a micro-thermode and mild skin warming using a wrap induce neuronal fire patterns resembling sleep and inhibit those associated with wakefulness.
“Animal studies indicate that both mild local warming of the area using a micro-thermode as well as mild skin warming using a wrap induce its neuronal fire patterns to resemble those of sleep and inhibit those associated with wakefulness [4, 57, 58].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [4] Alam MN, McGinty D, Szymusiak R (1995) Neuronal discharge of preoptic/anterior hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons: relation to NREM sleep. Am J Physiol 269:R1240–R1249
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [57] McGinty D, Gong H, Alam N, Shin S, Szymusiak R (2001) Warm-sensitive neurons are co-localized with sleep-active neurons in the preoptic hypothalamus. Sleep 24:S58
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- cites [58] McGinty DJ, Szymusiak RS (1990) Hypothalamic thermoregulatory control of slow-wave sleep. In: Mancia M, Marini G (eds) The diencephalon and sleep. Raven, New York, pp 97–110
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSkin temperature changes with environmental heat and cold, posture, environmental light, anxiety, nutritional status, pain, and stress.
“Because the skin is rather poikilotherm, its temperature changes with environmental heat and cold. It changes also with posture [61, 78], environmental light [12, 80], anxiety [51], nutritional status [48], pain [36, 42, 54], and stress [72].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [61] Nakajima Y, Takamata A, Ito T, Sessler DI, Kitamura Y, Shimosato G, Taniguchi S, Matsuyama H, Tanaka Y, Mizobe T (2002) Upright posture reduces thermogenesis and augments core hypothermia. Anesth Analg 94:1646–1651 source
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- cites [78] Tikuisis P, Ducharme MB (1996) The effect of postural changes on body temperatures and heat balance. Eur J Appl Physiol 72:451–459 source
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- cites [12] Cajochen C, Munch M, Kobialka S, Krauchi K, Steiner R, Oelhafen P, Orgul S, Wirz-Justice A (2005) High sensitivity of human melatonin, alertness, thermoregulation, and heart rate to short wavelength light. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:1311–1316 source
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- cites [80] Van De Werken M, Gimenez MC, De Vries B, Beersma DG, Van Someren EJW, Gordijn MC (2010) Effects of artificial dawn on sleep inertia, skin temperature, and the awakening cortisol response. J Sleep Res 19:425–435 source
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- cites [51] Lack LC, Gradisar M, Van Someren EJW, Wright HR, Lushington K (2008) The relationship between insomnia and body temperatures. Sleep Med Rev 12:307–317 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningPredominance of skin over core temperature effects on the brain makes sense from a survival perspective because the central part of the body is thermally buffered; responding only after core temperature is affected would be disadvantageous.
“Predominance of skin over core temperature effects on the brain makes sense from a survival perspective. Given the fact that the central part of the body is thermally buffered, it would be a disadvantage if an animal would respond only by the time an environmental thermal challenge has affected core temperature.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The central part of the body is thermally buffered.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningPeople neither sleep nor perform well at extreme environmental temperatures, and sleep versus wake-promoting effects may be restricted to a narrow comfortable temperature range, where the optimal temperature for sleep slightly differs from the optimal temperature to sustain attention.
“People neither sleep nor perform well at extreme environmental temperatures, and sleep versus wake-promoting effects may be restricted to a narrow comfortable temperature range, where the optimal temperature for sleep slightly differs from the optimal temperature to e.g. sustain attention.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The temperature at which vigilance-promoting capacity peaks differs slightly from the temperature at which sleep-promoting capacity peaks.
- Rests on an assumption: The brain will prioritize recruitment of its resources to solve a possibly disadvantageous thermal situation at low and high temperatures.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCheung et al. administered vigilance and spatial attention tests while subjects were immersed in a cool water bath and reported that all disruptive effects on performance occurred immediately with skin cooling, while performance did not get any worse with the much slower developing decline in core body temperature.
“For example, Cheung et al. [17] administered vigilance and spatial attention tests while subjects were immersed in a cool water bath and reported that all disruptive effects on performance occurred immediately with skin cooling, while performance did not get any worse with the much slower developing decline in core body temperature.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] Cheung SS, Westwood DA, Knox MK (2007) Mild body cooling impairs attention via distraction from skin cooling. Ergonomics 50:275–288 source
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Interpretationnone givenIn the correlational studies, proximal skin temperature has often been found to predict vigilance measures better than distal skin temperature, whereas controlled laboratory studies suggest the reverse.
“Whereas in these studies proximal skin temperature has often been found to predict vigilance measures better than distal skin temperature, controlled laboratory studies suggest the reverse.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationIt has been proposed that the gradient between temperatures measured at a distal and a proximal site correlates most strongly with measures of vigilance.
“Based on these controlled studies, it has been proposed that it may especially be the gradient between the temperatures measured at a distal and a proximal site that correlates most strongly with measures of vigilance [46–49].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [46] Kräuchi K, Cajochen C, Werth E, Wirz-Justice A (1999) Distal-proximal skin temperature gradient predicts sleep onset latency. Sleep 22:S286
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [47] Kräuchi K, Cajochen C, Werth E, Wirz-Justice A (1999) Warm feet promote the rapid onset of sleep. Nature 401:36–37 source
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- cites [48] Kräuchi K, Cajochen C, Werth E, Wirz-Justice A (2000) Functional link between distal vasodilation and sleep-onset latency? Am J Physiol 278:R741–R748
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- cites [49] Kräuchi K, Cajochen C, Wirz-Justice A (1997) A relationship between heat loss and sleepiness: effects of postural change and melatonin administration. J Appl Physiol 83:134–139 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMild skin warming facilitates sleep onset and promotes slow wave sleep and sleep maintenance.
“while mild skin warming facilitates sleep onset [67, 71] and promotes slow wave sleep and sleep maintenance [33, 69].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [67] Raymann RJEM, Swaab DF, Van Someren EJW (2005) Cutaneous warming promotes sleep onset. Am J Physiol 288:R1589–R1597
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [71] Raymann RJEM, Van Someren EJW (2008) Diminished capability to recognize the optimal temperature for sleep initiation may contribute to poor sleep in elderly people. Sleep 31:1301–1309
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- cites [33] Fronczek R, Raymann RJEM, Overeem S, Romeijn N, Van Dijk JG, Lammers GJ, Van Someren EJW (2008) Manipulation of skin temperature improves nocturnal sleep in narcolepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 79:1354–1357 source
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- cites [69] Raymann RJEM, Swaab DF, Van Someren EJW (2008) Skin deep: cutaneous temperature determines sleep depth. Brain 131:500–513 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningBody heating activates heat dissipation for a duration that outlasts the heat stress, and consequently may keep skin blood flow higher for a few hours.
“Body heating activates heat dissipation for a duration that outlasts the heat stress, and consequently may keep skin blood flow higher for a few hours.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [10] Bunnell DE, Agnew JA, Horvath SM, Jopson L, Wills M (1988) Passive body heating and sleep: influence of proximity to sleep. Sleep 11:210–219 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [11] Bunnell DE, Horvath SM (1985) Effects of body heating during sleep interruption. Sleep 8:274–282 source
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- cites [20] Di Nisi J, Ehrhart J, Galeou M, Libert JP (1989) Influence of repeated passive body heating on subsequent night sleep in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 59:138–145 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationControlled skin temperature manipulation studies using a water-perfused thermosuit provide support for the notion that skin temperature modulates vigilance regulation, and more than core temperature does.
“Controlled skin temperature manipulation studies using a water-perfused thermosuit indeed provide support for the notion that skin temperature modulates vigilance regulation, and more than core temperature does.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningWhile the gradient between a core body temperature of 37°C and an environment of ~35°C is less than a gradient of 37°C versus 33°C, it may still be easier to reach lower core body temperatures because the insulating property of the skin is much reduced.
“Thus, while the gradient between a core body temperature of 37°C and an environment of ~35°C is less than a gradient of 37°C versus 33°C, it may still be easier to reach lower core body temperatures because the insulating property of the skin is much reduced.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningWhile the temperature gradient between the core and the environment decreases if the environment is warmed, the possibility to lose heat does not necessarily decrease and may even increase.
“Thus, while the temperature gradient between the core and the environment decreases if the environment is warmed, the possibility to lose heat does not necessarily decrease and may even increase.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationWarming the skin to at least 34°C can dramatically increase skin blood flow and may theoretically improve heat loss to the environment.
“The figure illustrates that warming the skin to at least 34°C can dramatically increase skin blood flow and may theoretically improve heat loss to the environment”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Fagrell B, Intaglietta M (1977) The dynamics of skin microcirculation as a tool for the study of systemic diseases. Bibl Anat 16:231–234
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPeople with vasospastic syndrome have a lower temperature of their hands and tend to have difficulties falling asleep, and the same association between higher skin temperature and easier sleep onset was shown for them.
“The same association was shown for people with a vasospastic syndrome, who have a lower temperature of their hands and tend to have difficulties falling asleep [64]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [64] Pache M, Krauchi K, Cajochen C, Wirz-Justice A, Dubler B, Flammer J, Kaiser HJ (2001) Cold feet and prolonged sleep-onset latency in vasospastic syndrome. Lancet 358:125–126 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBecause of the restricted interval of increased sleep propensity, the indirect heating procedure may be applied to enhance sleep onset and improve sleep in the first hours of the night.
“Thus, because of the restricted interval of increased sleep propensity, this procedure may be applied to enhance sleep onset and improve sleep in the first hours of the night.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The authors state this as an assumption.
The temperature at which vigilance-promoting capacity peaks differs slightly from the temperature at which sleep-promoting capacity peaks.
“It requires only the assumption that the temperature at which the peaks reach their maximum differs slightly for vigilance-promoting and sleep-promoting capacities”
The paper relies on this without support.
The central part of the body is thermally buffered.
“Given the fact that the central part of the body is thermally buffered, it would be a disadvantage if an animal would respond only by the time an environmental thermal challenge has affected core temperature.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The brain will prioritize recruitment of its resources to solve a possibly disadvantageous thermal situation at low and high temperatures.
“Both the capacity to initiate or maintain sleep or to perform/performance on a sustained attention tasks are compromised at low and high temperatures because the brain will prioritize recruitment of its resources to solve a possibly disadvantageous thermal situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It has never been evaluated systematically whether nocturnal thermoregulatory behavior differs between insomniacs and people without sleep complaints.
“It has never been evaluated systematically whether nocturnal thermoregulatory behavior differs between insomniacs and people without sleep complaints.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Given that skin warming appears to promote sleep, the preference for slightly cold thermal conditions during the day may help induce mild skin cooling and boost daytime alertness, wakefulness, and overall vigilance.
“Furthermore, given that skin warming appears to promote sleep, the preference for slightly cold thermal conditions during the day may help to induce mild skin cooling and, hence, boost daytime alertness, wakefulness, and overall vigilance [53].”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
Transitions from sleep to wakefulness are accompanied by vasoconstriction.
“In contrast, transitions from sleep to wakefulness are accompanied by vasoconstriction [53].”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [53]
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Slow Wave Sleep Elevations After Body Heating: Proximity to Sleep and Effects of Aspirin
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Altered Skin-Temperature Regulation in Narcolepsy Relates to Sleep Propensity
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Self-citationCore Body Temperature and Sleep of Older Female Insomniacs Before and After Passive Body Heating
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Self-citationEffects of Passive Body Heating on the Sleep of Older Female Insomniacs
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Postural baroreflex stimuli may affect EEG arousal and sleep in humans
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“Being in a supine position is being in a sleep-permissive condition, whereas being upright is being in a wake-promoting condition [2, 13, 14, 18, 49, 62].”
BackgroundThe Effect of Afternoon Body Heating on Body Temperature and Slow Wave Sleep
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Bathing before sleep in the young and in the elderly
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Self-citationSleeping with an Electric Blanket: Effects on Core Temperature, Sleep, and Melatonin in Young Adults
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Manipulation of skin temperature improves nocturnal sleep in narcolepsy
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Correlated Fluctuations of Daytime Skin Temperature and Vigilance
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Influence of back angle on the quality of sleep in seats
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The effects of body posture on resting electroencephalographic activity in sleep-deprived subjects
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The dynamics of skin microcirculation as a tool for the study of systemic diseases.
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Doing with less sleep remains a dream
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Temperatures to Communicate By
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Handbook of sensory physiology. Volume II. Somatosensory system.
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
A review of human thermal comfort in the built environment
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Natural Sleep and Its Seasonal Variations in Three Pre-industrial Societies
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Sleep deprivation leads to a loss of functional connectivity in frontal brain regions
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Self-citationA neuronal hub binding sleep initiation and body cooling in response to a warm external stimulus
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Human thermal perception and time of day: A review
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Some evidence of a time-varying thermal perception
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- Authors
- Romeijn, N., Raymann, R. J. E. M., Møst, E., Te Lindert, B., Van Der Meijden, W. P., Fronczek, R., Gomez-Herrero, G., & Van Someren, E. J. W.
- Affiliations
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NL)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Venue
- Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology
- Published
- 2011-11-03
- Volume
- 463
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 169-176
- ISSN
- 0031-6768 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2013
- PMC
- PMC3256315
- OpenAlex
- W1995612990
- Semantic Scholar
- cbb7f71446adb72c9471424fed66cf62c7ab9cdd
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (10738)
- Ministerie van Economische Zaken, Landbouw en Innovatie
- Stichting voor de Technische Wetenschappen
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- skin temperature, thermosensitivity, sleep regulation, wakefulness, sustained attention, alertness, circadian rhythm, homeostatic sleep drive, sleep onset, sleep maintenance, thermal comfort, insomnia, sleep improvement, neuroanatomical pathways
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Temperature Regulation, Circadian Rhythm, Homeostasis, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Skin Temperature, Sleep, Wakefulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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