The effects of acute exercise on sleep: a quantitative synthesis
Abstract
We used meta-analytic methods to examine the influence of acute exercise on sleep. Thirty-eight studies were reviewed yielding 211 effects on 401 subjects. Mean effect sizes were calculated for sleep onset latency (SOL), stage 2, slow-wave sleep (SWS), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, REM latency (REM-L), total sleep time (TST), and wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO). Moderating influences of subject fitness, heat load, exercise duration, time of day, associated light environment (i.e. indoor or outdoor), sleep schedule, and the scientific quality of the studies were examined. Effect sizes for SWS, REM, REM-L, and TST were moderate [0.18-0.52 standard deviation (SD)] and their associated 95% confidence intervals did not include zero. Exercise duration and time of day were the most consistent moderator variables. In contrast with previous hypotheses, heat load had little influence on sleep. The results of our quantitative synthesis of the literature are inconsistent with previous narrative reviews (1,2) which suggested that exercise elicits larger changes in sleep than those quantified in this meta-analysis. A major delimitation of published studies on the effects of acute exercise has been an exclusive focus on good sleepers. Hence, the effects we report herein may be underestimates of the efficacy of exercise for enhancing sleep among people with sleep disturbances.
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- Authors
- Youngstedt, S. D., O'Connor, P. J., & Dishman, R. K.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Georgia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Youngstedt, Shawn D.
- ORCID
- Dishman, Rod K.
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1997-03
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 203-214
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- OpenAlex
- W1880379006
- Cited by
- 412
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 12.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5f32ns009816-02)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG012364, AG-12364)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 00117)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS09816-01)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- acute exercise, sleep latency, slow-wave sleep, REM sleep, REM latency, total sleep time, wake after sleep onset, exercise duration, time of day, heat load, sleep disorders, sleep quality
- MeSH terms
- Body Temperature, Humans, Light, Physical Fitness, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Time Factors, Exercise, Epidemiologic Factors, Polysomnography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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