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Cited by 124Obstructive Sleep Apnea ResearchNeuroscience of respiration and sleepMenopause: Health Impacts and Treatments

The Influence of the Menstrual Cycle on Upper Airway Resistance and Breathing During Sleep

Driver, Helen S., Mclean, Heather, Kumar, David V., Farr, Nancy, Day, Andrew G., Fitzpatrick, Michael F.·2005·Sleep
DOI 10.1093/sleep/28.4.449
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Abstract

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Female hormones, specifically progesterone, that peak in the luteal phase may play a significant role in protecting premenopausal women from sleep-disordered breathing. The influence of female hormones on upper airway resistance during sleep was investigated during the follicular and luteal phases of normal menstrual cycles. SETTING: Hospital-based sleep laboratory. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Healthy women with verified ovulatory cycles and without sleep complaints were recruited into the study. Sleep and upper airway resistance data (mean +/- SD) were collected on 2 nights from 11 women (21-49 years of age [28 +/- 9 years], body mass index of 22.8 +/- 3.6 kg/m2), once during the follicular phase (day 6-11) and once in the luteal phase (day 19-23) in random order. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Nasal resistance, standardized to a flow rate of 0.3 L/second, measured using posterior active rhinomanometry immediately prior to the sleep study, did not differ between the 2 phases. The respiratory disturbance index tended to be higher in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase and was above 5 per hour for 3 women in the follicular phase. Upper airway resistance, controlled for flow rate and body position, was calculated for 50 random breaths during wakefulness, stage 1, stage 2, slow-wave, and rapid eye movement sleep. During wake and stage 2 sleep, upper airway resistance was significantly higher in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase, as was the overall upper airway resistance combined for wake and across all sleep stages. Combining data from the 2 nights, compared to wake, upper airway resistance increased in stage 2, slow-wave, and rapid eye movement sleep. CONCLUSIONS: Within the menstrual cycle, upper airway resistance is lower in the luteal compared with the follicular phase.

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Gleeson K, Zwillich CW, Braier K, White DP. Breathing route dur- ing sleep. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;134: 115-20.
  2. Vig PS, Zajac DJ. Age and gender effects on nasal respiratory func- tion in normal subjects. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 1993; 30:279-84.

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Authors
Driver, H. S., Mclean, H., Kumar, D. V., Farr, N., Day, A. G., & Fitzpatrick, M. F.
Affiliations
  • University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
  • Kingston General Hospital (CA)
  • Queen's University (CA)
Corresponding author
Driver, Helen S.
ORCID
Venue
Sleep
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2005-04
Volume
28
Issue
4
Pages
449-456
ISSN
  • 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
  • 1550-9109
DOI
10.1093/sleep/28.4.449
OpenAlex
W2159588066
Cited by
124
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 2
FWCI
2.96
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • SLEEP (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
Keywords
menstrual cycle, upper airway resistance, sleep-disordered breathing, progesterone, luteal phase, follicular phase, female sex hormones, nasal resistance, sleep stages, respiratory disturbance index, premenopausal women
MeSH terms
Adult, Female, Follicular Phase, Humans, Luteal Phase, Menstrual Cycle, Middle Aged, Progesterone, Prospective Studies, Respiration, Sleep, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Sleep, REM, Spirometry, Nasal Obstruction, Body Mass Index, Supine Position, Polysomnography, Cross-Over Studies, Rhinomanometry

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