CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 194Menstrual Health and DisordersCircadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and related disorders

Sleep, hormones, and circadian rhythms throughout the menstrual cycle in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Open access
Shechter, Ari, Boivin, Diane B.·2010·International Journal of Endocrinology
DOI 10.1155/2010/259345PMC PMC2817387
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

A relationship exists between the sleep-wake cycle and hormone secretion, which, in women, is further modulated by the menstrual cycle. This interaction can influence sleep across the menstrual cycle in healthy women and in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), who experience specific alterations of circadian rhythms during their symptomatic luteal phase along with sleep disturbances during this time. This review will address the variation of sleep at different menstrual phases in healthy and PMDD women, as well as changes in circadian rhythms, with an emphasis on their relationship with female sex hormones. It will conclude with a brief discussion on nonpharmacological treatments of PMDD which use chronotherapeutic methods to realign circadian rhythms as a means of improving sleep and mood in these women.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review synthesizes evidence that the menstrual cycle, especially the luteal phase, alters sleep architecture and circadian physiology in healthy women and women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). It reports consistent luteal-phase reductions in REM sleep and increases in sleep spindle frequency activity, along with altered body temperature and variable hormone rhythms, and reviews chronotherapeutic treatments.

Key findings

  • In healthy women, the most consistent luteal-phase (LP) sleep changes are decreased REM sleep, increased stage 2 sleep, and increased spindle frequency activity (SFA), while sleep quality and homeostatic sleep mechanisms (SOL, SE, SWS/SWA) generally remain stable. SFA is lowest in the follicular phase (FP) and peaks in the LP, with maximum variation in the 14.25–15.00 Hz band.
  • Across the menstrual cycle, core body temperature increases by ~0.3–0.4°C and circadian CBT amplitude is reduced in the LP compared with the FP; melatonin, cortisol, TSH, and PRL rhythms are mostly unchanged, though some studies report phase delays in melatonin, cortisol, and TSH during the LP.
  • PMDD affects 3%–8% of North American women, and sleep disturbances are reported in as much as 70% of PMDD women. PMDD patients show decreased nocturnal melatonin secretion (AUC and amplitude), phase-advanced CBT/melatonin/TSH rhythms compared with controls, and inconsistent PSG findings, with some studies showing increased stage 2 sleep and decreased SWS or REM sleep.
  • Nonpharmacological treatments targeting circadian rhythms can improve mood and sleep: light therapy significantly reduces depressive symptoms in PMDD, with evening bright light more effective in two studies; total or partial sleep deprivation reduces depressive symptoms, with as many as 80% of patients responding, and both early and late sleep deprivation improved objective sleep parameters in one study.

Methods

  • Narrative review of human studies published between 1984 and the present, including articles written in English that examined changes in sleep and/or circadian rhythms on at least two menstrual cycle phases in healthy and/or PMDD women.
  • The review summarizes standard polysomnographic sleep, quantitative sleep EEG, circadian hormone rhythms, body temperature, and nonpharmacological chronotherapies; findings are presented in narrative form with summary tables.
  • No meta-analysis, systematic search strategy, or formal risk-of-bias assessment is described.

Limitations

  • The paper states that persistent inconsistencies in the literature arise from methodological differences, including menstrual phase delineation, number and timing of sleep recordings, lack of uniform hormonal confirmation of phase, insufficient stabilization of sleep-wake patterns before lab entry, and limited use of controlled constant-routine conditions.
  • The paper notes small sample sizes, limited numbers of studies, patient heterogeneity, and that only one study to date addressed sleep in a singular group of women meeting DSM-IV criteria for PMDD.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not provide a systematic search, quantitative synthesis, or formal quality appraisal, and many conclusions rest on small or inconsistent studies.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1155/2010/259345

Cites

118 of 118 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 223 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    Sleep complaints commonly occur during the postovulatory luteal phase in healthy women.

    “Indeed, sleep complaints commonly occur during the postovulatory luteal phase (LP) in healthy women [2].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Manber R Bootzin RR Sleep and the menstrual cycle Health Psychology 1997 16 3 209 214 9152698 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    Sleep complaints reach higher severity in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

    “These complaints reach a higher severity in women suffering from premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) [3]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] Hurt SW Schnurr PP Severino SK Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder in 670 women evaluated for premenstrual complaints American Journal of Psychiatry 1992 149 4 525 530 1554039 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    Insomnia occurs 1.5-2 times more frequently in women than in men.

    “Sleep disruptions are common in women, with reports of insomnia occurring 1.5–2 times more frequently than in men [1].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Soares CN Insomnia in women: an overlooked epidemic? Archives of Women’s Mental Health 2005 8 4 205 213 16195781 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    During the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase, core body temperature increases by about 0.3-0.4°C.

    “Most notably, during the LP compared to the FP, there is an increase of ~0.3–0.4°C in CBT levels (Figure 4) [35, 36]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [35] Cagnacci A Soldani R Laughlin GA Yen SSC Modification of circadian body temperature rhythm during the luteal menstrual phase: role of melatonin Journal of Applied Physiology 1996 80 1 25 29 8847311 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] Cagnacci A Arangino S Tuveri F Paoletti AM Volpe A Regulation of the 24h body temperature rhythm of women in luteal phase: role of gonadal steroids and prostaglandins Chronobiology International 2002 19 4 721 730 12182499 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Findingcitation

    From 09:00 to 16:30, the number of naps containing slow wave sleep was increased during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase.

    “Their main finding was that from 09:00 to 16:30, the number of naps containing SWS was increased during the LP compared to the FP [37].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Shibui K Uchiyama M Okawa M Diurnal fluctuation of sleep propensity and hormonal secretion across the menstrual cycle Biological Psychiatry 2000 48 11 1062 1068 11094139 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11
  • May combine two claims. 43

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation

    Disturbed sleep and circadian rhythms are correlated with increased incidence of depression.

    “and especially depression [6]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] Riemann D Voderholzer U Primary insomnia: a risk factor to develop depression? Journal of Affective Disorders 2003 76 1–3 255 259 12943956 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Disturbed sleep and circadian rhythms are correlated with increased incidence of obesity and diabetes.

    “Since disturbed sleep and circadian rhythms have been correlated with increased incidence of obesity and diabetes [4]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Spiegel K Tasali E Leproult R Van Cauter E Effects of poor and short sleep on glucose metabolism and obesity risk Nature Reviews Endocrinology 2009 5 5 253 261 PMC4457292 19444258 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Disturbed sleep and circadian rhythms are correlated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease.

    “cardiovascular disease [5]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Meerlo P Sgoifo A Suchecki D Restricted and disrupted sleep: effects on autonomic function, neuroendocrine stress systems and stress responsivity Sleep Medicine Reviews 2008 12 3 197 210 18222099 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Depression occurs with higher prevalence in women.

    “and since depression already occurs with higher prevalence in women [7]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Piccinelli M Wilkinson G Gender differences in depression. Critical review British Journal of Psychiatry 2000 177 486 492 11102321 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    During the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase, the amplitude of the circadian variation of core body temperature is significantly reduced, mainly owing to a blunted nocturnal decline.

    “as well as a significant reduction in the amplitude of the circadian variation of CBT [35–38], owing mainly to a blunted nocturnal decline of CBT.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [35] Cagnacci A Soldani R Laughlin GA Yen SSC Modification of circadian body temperature rhythm during the luteal menstrual phase: role of melatonin Journal of Applied Physiology 1996 80 1 25 29 8847311 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [36] Cagnacci A Arangino S Tuveri F Paoletti AM Volpe A Regulation of the 24h body temperature rhythm of women in luteal phase: role of gonadal steroids and prostaglandins Chronobiology International 2002 19 4 721 730 12182499 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Shibui K Uchiyama M Okawa M Diurnal fluctuation of sleep propensity and hormonal secretion across the menstrual cycle Biological Psychiatry 2000 48 11 1062 1068 11094139 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [38] Lee K Circadian temperature rhythms in relation to menstrual cycle phase Journal of Biological Rhythms 1988 3 255 263 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Parry et al. found increases in REM sleep onset latency and stage 1 sleep, and decreases in REM sleep and stage 3 sleep during the late luteal phase compared with the mid-follicular phase in healthy controls.

    “The results from eighteen healthy controls studied by Parry et al. at the mid-FP and late-LP as part of a larger study of sleep in PMDD found increases in ROL (min) and stage 1 sleep (%), and decreased REM sleep (min) and stage 3 (min and %) during the late-LP compared to the mid-FP [52].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Parry BL Mostofi N Leveau B Sleep EEG studies during early and late partial sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and normal control subjects Psychiatry Research 1999 85 2 127 143 10220004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    During the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase, the threshold for sweating and vasodilation is increased and thermal conductance and skin blood flow are decreased.

    “Increased threshold for sweating [39, 40] and for vasodilation [39–41] as well as decreased thermal conductance and skin blood flow [42] is observed during the LP compared to the FP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [39] Inoue Y Tanaka Y Omori K Kuwahara T Ogura Y Ueda H Sex- and menstrual cycle-related differences in sweating and cutaneous blood flow in response to passive heat exposure European Journal of Applied Physiology 2005 94 3 323 332 15729550 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [40] Kuwahara T Inoue Y Taniguchi M Ogura Y Ueda H Kondo N Effects of physical training on heat loss responses of young women to passive heating in relation to menstrual cycle European Journal of Applied Physiology 2005 94 4 376 385 15864636 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [41] Kolka MA Stephenson LA Effect of luteal phase elevation in core temperature on forearm blood flow during exercise Journal of Applied Physiology 1997 82 4 1079 1083 9104842 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [42] Frascarolo P Schutz Y Jequier E Decreased thermal conductance during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in women Journal of Applied Physiology 1990 69 6 2029 2033 2076997 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In healthy women, sleep homeostasis and sleep quality remain stable at different menstrual phases, while sleep architecture shows observable changes.

    “These have indicated that while sleep homeostasis [49, 51, 55] and quality [43, 49, 52] remain stable at different menstrual phases, there are observable changes in sleep architecture [49, 51–53]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [49] Driver HS Dijk D-J Werth E Biedermann K Borbely AA Sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram across the menstrual cycle in young healthy women Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996 81 2 728 735 8636295 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [51] Baker FC Driver HS Rogers GG Paiker J Mitchell D High nocturnal body temperatures and disturbed sleep in women with primary dysmenorrhea American Journal of Physiology 1999 277 6, part 1 E1013 E1021 10600789

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [55] Baker FC Kahan TL Trinder J Colrain IM Sleep quality and the sleep electroencephalogram in women with severe premenstrual syndrome Sleep 2007 30 10 1283 1291 17969462 PMC2266284 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [43] Baker FC Mitchell D Driver HS Oral contraceptives alter sleep and raise body temperature in young women Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology 2001 442 5 729 737 11512029 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [52] Parry BL Mostofi N Leveau B Sleep EEG studies during early and late partial sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and normal control subjects Psychiatry Research 1999 85 2 127 143 10220004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [53] Baker FC Driver HS Paiker J Rogers GG Mitchell D Acetaminophen does not affect 24-h body temperature or sleep in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle Journal of Applied Physiology 2002 92 4 1684 1691 11896038 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    A four-phase study found significant menstrual phase variations for stage 3 sleep, with a trough at the late luteal phase, and for intermittent awakenings, with a peak at the late luteal phase.

    “The first, which included eight healthy participants at the early-FP, the late-FP, the early-LP and the late-LP, found significant menstrual phase variations for stage 3 sleep (min), with a trough at the late-LP, and intermittent awakenings, with a peak at the late-LP [45].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Parry BL Mendelson WB Duncan WC Sack DA Wehr TA Longitudinal sleep EEG, temperature, and activity measurements across the menstrual cycle in patients with premenstrual depression and in age-matched controls Psychiatry Research 1989 30 3 285 303 2616693 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Sleep propensity varied significantly across the circadian day but did not differ between menstrual phases.

    “Sleep propensity (defined in the study as the sum of the duration of stages 2, 3, 4 and REM sleep occurring at each 10-minute nap trial) varied significantly across the circadian day, but did not differ between menstrual phases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Shibui K Uchiyama M Okawa M Diurnal fluctuation of sleep propensity and hormonal secretion across the menstrual cycle Biological Psychiatry 2000 48 11 1062 1068 11094139 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    In the first systematic study, non-REM sleep and stage 2 sleep significantly increased in the luteal phase, while REM sleep significantly decreased in the luteal phase.

    “Non-REM (NREM) sleep and stage 2 sleep (%) significantly increased in the LP, while REM sleep (% of the NREM-REM sleep cycle) significantly decreased in the LP [49].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Driver HS Dijk D-J Werth E Biedermann K Borbely AA Sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram across the menstrual cycle in young healthy women Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996 81 2 728 735 8636295 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The most common sleep findings across the menstrual cycle are decreases in REM sleep, increases in stage 2 sleep and sleep spindle frequency activity, and no changes in sleep propensity and quality during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase.

    “The most common sleep findings across the menstrual cycle include decreases in REM sleep, increases in stage 2 sleep and SFA, and no changes in sleep propensity and quality (SOL and SE, resp.) during the LP compared to the FP.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Driver et al. reported a significant increase in stage 2 sleep during the luteal phase, no change in slow wave sleep, and failure to replicate the significant decrease in REM sleep generally reported during this phase.

    “They reported a significant increase in stage 2 sleep (%) during the LP, no change in SWS, and failed to replicate the significant decrease in REM sleep (%) generally reported during this phase [54].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54] Driver HS McLean H Kumar DV Farr N Day AG Fitzpatrick MF The influence of the menstrual cycle on upper airway resistance and breathing during sleep Sleep 2005 28 4 449 456 16171289 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Most studies agree with the absence of changes in homeostatic sleep mechanisms, slow wave sleep and slow wave activity, at different menstrual cycle phases, although some inconsistencies remain.

    “Most studies agree with the absence of changes in homeostatic sleep mechanisms (i.e., SWS and SWA) at different menstrual cycle phases, although some inconsistencies remain (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Table 1

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Maximum menstrual phase variation in sleep spindle frequency activity was observed within the 14.25-15.00 Hz band, and slow wave activity was unchanged across the menstrual cycle.

    “Maximum menstrual phase variation was observed within the 14.25–15.00 Hz band, and SWA (mean power density within the 0.75–4.50 Hz frequency range), a marker of sleep homeostasis, was unchanged across the menstrual cycle [49].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Driver HS Dijk D-J Werth E Biedermann K Borbely AA Sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram across the menstrual cycle in young healthy women Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996 81 2 728 735 8636295 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Healthy women had significantly increased wake after sleep onset and microarousals per hour during the late luteal phase compared with the mid-follicular phase, with no other significant changes between menstrual phases.

    “Baker et al. reported that healthy women had significantly increased WASO (min) and microarousals per hour during the late-LP compared to the mid-FP, with no other significant changes observed between menstrual phases [55].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Baker FC Kahan TL Trinder J Colrain IM Sleep quality and the sleep electroencephalogram in women with severe premenstrual syndrome Sleep 2007 30 10 1283 1291 17969462 PMC2266284 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Women often report subjective complaints of disturbed sleep during the late luteal and premenstrual days, though polysomnography-based estimates of disrupted sleep during this time are less frequent.

    “Interestingly, women often report subjective complaints of disturbed sleep during the late-LP and premenstrual days, though polysomnography- (PSG-) based estimates indicating disrupted sleep during this time are less frequent [22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Armitage R Baker FC Parry BL Kryger MH Roth T Dement WC The menstrual cycle and circadian rhythms Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine 2005 Philadelphia, Pa, USA Elsevier 1266 1277

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Across three menstrual phases, REM sleep was significantly reduced during the mid-luteal phase compared with the mid-follicular phase, latency to stage 3 sleep was significantly reduced during the mid-luteal phase compared with menses, and there were no significant changes in stage 2 sleep or slow wave sleep.

    “Across three phases, REM sleep (min) was significantly reduced during the mid-LP compared to the mid-FP, latency to stage 3 sleep was significantly reduced during the mid-LP compared to menses, and there were no significant changes observed for stage 2 sleep (min) or SWS [51].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Baker FC Driver HS Rogers GG Paiker J Mitchell D High nocturnal body temperatures and disturbed sleep in women with primary dysmenorrhea American Journal of Physiology 1999 277 6, part 1 E1013 E1021 10600789

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Driver et al. found that sleep spindle frequency activity was lowest during the follicular phase and reached peak values during the luteal phase.

    “Similarly, in the aforementioned study by Driver et al., which tracked sleep changes throughout an entire menstrual cycle in nine healthy women, SFA (here defined as mean power density within the 12.25–15.00 Hz frequency range) was lowest during the FP and reached peak values during the LP [49].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Driver HS Dijk D-J Werth E Biedermann K Borbely AA Sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram across the menstrual cycle in young healthy women Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996 81 2 728 735 8636295 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Another report found significantly decreased REM sleep and significantly increased slow wave sleep at the mid-luteal phase compared with the mid-follicular phase.

    “whereas another report detailed significantly decreased REM sleep (%) and significantly increased SWS (%) at the mid-LP compared to the mid-FP [53].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] Baker FC Driver HS Paiker J Rogers GG Mitchell D Acetaminophen does not affect 24-h body temperature or sleep in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle Journal of Applied Physiology 2002 92 4 1684 1691 11896038 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    An altered sex hormone profile in PMDD has been reported, with lower progesterone levels and decreased allopregnanolone during the luteal phase in patients compared with controls.

    “An altered sex hormone profile in PMDD has been reported, with lower progesterone levels found in patients compared to controls [93, 94] as well as decreased levels of the anxiolytic progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone during the LP in patients [94, 95].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [93] Wang M Seippel L Purdy RH Bäckström T Relationship between symptom severity and steroid variation in women with premenstrual syndrome: study on serum pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione and 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996 81 3 1076 1082 8772579

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [94] Monteleone P Luisi S Tonetti A Allopregnanolone concentrations and premenstrual syndrome European Journal of Endocrinology 2000 142 3 269 273 10700721 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [95] Rapkin AJ Morgan M Goldman L Brann DW Simone D Mahesh VB Progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone in women with premenstrual syndrome Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997 90 5 709 714 9351749 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Under constant conditions, the 24-hour area under the curve for plasma melatonin was significantly decreased during the luteal phase, though other timing measures were unaffected.

    “However, in a well-controlled study sampling every hour during the FP and LP under constant conditions, the 24-hour area under the curve (AUC) for plasma melatonin was significantly decreased during the LP, though other timing measures were unaffected [37].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Shibui K Uchiyama M Okawa M Diurnal fluctuation of sleep propensity and hormonal secretion across the menstrual cycle Biological Psychiatry 2000 48 11 1062 1068 11094139 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    PMDD is a mood disorder affecting 3%-8% of North American women.

    “PMDD is a mood disorder affecting 3%–8% of North American women [91].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [91] Di Giulio G Reissing ED Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: prevalence, diagnostic considerations, and controversies Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006 27 4 201 210 17225621 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    PMDD symptoms typically begin during the late luteal phase and remit after menses, with a complete absence of symptoms during the follicular phase.

    “Symptoms typically begin during the late-LP and remit after menses, with a complete absence of symptoms during the FP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Prolactin showed either a trend for increased amplitude during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase or no change across the menstrual cycle.

    “PRL showed either a trend for increased amplitude during the LP compared to the FP [64] or no change across the menstrual cycle [60].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [64] Parry BL Hauger R LeVeau B Circadian rhythms of prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle and early versus late sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder Psychiatry Research 1996 62 2 147 160 8771612 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [60] Brzezinski A Lynch HJ Seibel MM Deng MH Nader TM Wurtman RJ The circadian rhythm of plasma melatonin during the normal menstrual cycle and in amenorrheic women Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1988 66 5 891 895 3129448 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The circadian variation of cortisol in healthy women was found to be phase-delayed by about 1 hour, phase-advanced by about 1 hour, or decreased in amplitude during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase.

    “The circadian variation of cortisol in healthy women was found to be phase-delayed by ~1 hour [63], phase-advanced by ~1 hour [68] or decreased in amplitude [37] during the LP compared to the FP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [63] Parry BL Hauger R Lin E Neuroendocrine effects of light therapy in late luteal phase dysphoric disorder Biological Psychiatry 1994 36 6 356 364 7803596 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [68] Parry BL Javeed S Laughlin GA Hauger R Clopton P Cortisol circadian rhythms during the menstrual cycle and with sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and normal control subjects Biological Psychiatry 2000 48 9 920 931 11074230 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Shibui K Uchiyama M Okawa M Diurnal fluctuation of sleep propensity and hormonal secretion across the menstrual cycle Biological Psychiatry 2000 48 11 1062 1068 11094139 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    Sleep disturbances, including hypersomnia or insomnia, are reported in as much as 70% of PMDD women.

    “Among these mood specific symptoms, sleep disturbances (including hypersomnia or insomnia, which is reported in as much as 70% of PMDD women [92]) are often present during the symptomatic LP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [92] American Psychiatric Association and American Psychiatric Association. Task Force on DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV 1994 4th edition Washington, DC, USA American Psychiatric Association

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    An early study reported a significant increase in total 24-hour plasma melatonin secretion during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase.

    “An early study sampling plasma melatonin every four hours during the FP and LP reported a significant increase in the total amount of secretion in 24 hours during the LP compared to the FP [58].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Webley GE Leidenberger F The circadian pattern of melatonin and its positive relationship with progesterone in women Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1986 63 2 323 328 3722324 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Cagnacci et al. found that while melatonin area under the curve was unchanged between menstrual phases, there was a significant delay of about 110 minutes in the onset of nocturnal melatonin during the luteal phase.

    “On the other hand, in an important study outlining the role of melatonin on body temperature changes during the LP, Cagnacci et al. found that while AUC was unchanged between menstrual phases, there was a significant delay of ~110 minutes in the onset of nocturnal melatonin during the LP [35].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Cagnacci A Soldani R Laughlin GA Yen SSC Modification of circadian body temperature rhythm during the luteal menstrual phase: role of melatonin Journal of Applied Physiology 1996 80 1 25 29 8847311 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    A study including healthy women and those with PMS found decreased slow wave sleep and REM sleep as well as increased stage 2 sleep during the luteal phase in both groups.

    “More recently, a study including healthy women and those with PMS found decreased SWS (%) and REM sleep (%) as well as increased stage 2 (%) during the LP in both groups [56].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56] Lamarche LJ Driver HS Wiebe S Crawford L De Koninck JM Nocturnal sleep, daytime sleepiness, and napping among women with significant emotional/behavioral premenstrual symptoms Journal of Sleep Research 2007 16 3 262 268 17716275 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Compared with controls, PMS patients had more stage 2 sleep and less REM sleep, and within these patients stage 3 sleep and intermittent awakenings varied significantly across the menstrual cycle.

    “Another study revealed that, compared to controls, PMS patients had more stage 2 sleep (%) and less REM sleep (%), and within these patients, stage 3 sleep (min; peaks near the late-FP/early-LP) and intermittent awakenings (peaks near the late-LP) varied significantly across the menstrual cycle [45].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Parry BL Mendelson WB Duncan WC Sack DA Wehr TA Longitudinal sleep EEG, temperature, and activity measurements across the menstrual cycle in patients with premenstrual depression and in age-matched controls Psychiatry Research 1989 30 3 285 303 2616693 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Women experiencing negative mood symptoms during the luteal phase showed decreased slow wave sleep at both menstrual phases, decreased latency to stage 1 sleep, and a trend for increased stage 2 sleep in the luteal phase.

    “In a comparison of “premenstrually symptomatic” women (defined with an increase of at least 30% in the Profile of Mood States questionnaire during the LP) with controls, women experiencing negative mood symptoms during the LP showed decreased SWS (%) at both menstrual phases as well as decreased latency to stage 1 sleep and a trend for increased stage 2 sleep (%) in the LP [46].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] Lee KA Shaver JF Giblin EC Woods NF Sleep patterns related to menstrual cycle phase and premenstrual affective symptoms Sleep 1990 13 5 403 409 2287852

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Other comparisons of PMS/PMDD women and healthy control women showed patients to have increased stage 2 sleep, decreased REM sleep, or decreased slow wave sleep regardless of menstrual phase.

    “Other comparisons of PMS/PMDD women and healthy control women showed patients to have increased stage 2 sleep, decreased REM sleep, or decreased SWS regardless of menstrual phase (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Table 2

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the most effective treatment of PMDD to date and have become the most common clinical treatment for the disorder.

    “Results of prior drug trials have found the most effective treatment of PMDD to date to be selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and they have become the most common clinical treatment for the disorder [100].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100] Pearlstein T Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The emerging gold standard? Drugs 2002 62 13 1869 1885 12215058 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    PMS/PMDD women had increased wake after sleep onset and microarousals per hour during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase, indicating more disturbed sleep during the symptomatic phase, but results were not different from healthy controls.

    “PMS/PMDD women were found to have increased WASO (min) and microarousals per hour during the LP compared to the FP, indicating more disturbed sleep during this symptomatic phase, but in that study, results were not different than healthy controls [55].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Baker FC Kahan TL Trinder J Colrain IM Sleep quality and the sleep electroencephalogram in women with severe premenstrual syndrome Sleep 2007 30 10 1283 1291 17969462 PMC2266284 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Some studies have found lower plasma GABA concentrations and decreased GABAA-receptor sensitivity during the luteal phase in PMDD patients compared with controls.

    “and some have found lower plasma GABA concentrations [98] and a decreased GABAA-receptor sensitivity [99] during the LP in PMDD patients compared to controls.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [98] Halbreich U Petty F Yonkers K Kramer GL Rush AJ Bibi KW Low plasma γ-aminobutyric acid levels during the late luteal phase of women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder American Journal of Psychiatry 1996 153 5 718 720 8615423 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [99] Sundstrom I Andersson A Nyberg S Ashbrook D Purdy RH Backstrom T Patients with premenstrual syndrome have a different sensitivity to a neuroactive steroid during the menstrual cycle compared to control subjects Neuroendocrinology 1998 67 2 126 138 9508043 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    A larger study with 23 PMDD patients and 18 controls showed no intergroup differences, though significant menstrual phase effects were noted: in both groups, REM sleep onset latency increased and REM sleep and stage 3 sleep decreased in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase.

    “A larger study with 23 PMDD patients and 18 controls also showed no intergroup differences, though significant menstrual phase effects were noted. In both groups, ROL (min) was increased, while REM sleep (min) and stage 3 (min and %) were decreased in the LP compared to the FP [52].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Parry BL Mostofi N Leveau B Sleep EEG studies during early and late partial sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and normal control subjects Psychiatry Research 1999 85 2 127 143 10220004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    In the ultra-rapid sleep-wake cycle study, participants were sleep-deprived for 24 hours before the procedure, which could have increased homeostatic pressure for slow wave sleep and potentially confounded the results.

    “It should be noted, however, that their participants were sleep-deprived for 24 hours preceding the start of the ultra-rapid sleep-wake cycle, creating a situation that could have increased the homeostatic pressure for SWS propensity, thus potentially confounding these results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The temporal pattern of sleep spindle frequency activity displays a robust circadian rhythm, with peak low-frequency activity during high endogenous melatonin and high-frequency activity greatest during low circulating melatonin.

    “Like REM sleep, the temporal pattern of SFA displays a robust circadian rhythm, with the peak of low-frequency SFA (12.25–13.00 Hz range) occurring during periods of high endogenous melatonin concentration, whereas high-frequency SFA (14.25–15.50 Hz range) is minimal during these times and the greatest during periods of low circulating melatonin [73].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] Dijk D-J Shanahan TL Duffy JF Ronda JM Czeisler CA Variation of electroencephalographic activity during non-rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement sleep with phase of circadian melatonin rhythm in humans Journal of Physiology 1997 505, part 3 851 858 9457658 PMC1160058 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sleep architecture is under circadian regulation, with highest REM sleep occurring at times corresponding with the nadir of body temperature.

    “Sleep architecture, like the timing of sleep propensity, is under a circadian regulation, with highest REM sleep occurring at times corresponding with the nadir of body temperature [72].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [72] Dijk D-J Czeisler CA Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans Journal of Neuroscience 1995 15 5, part 1 3526 3538 7751928 PMC6578184 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Progesterone administration enhanced spindle activity in the rat and in male participants.

    “Indeed, progesterone administration enhanced spindle activity in the rat [71] and in male participants (particularly those who experienced an early allopregnanolone peak in response to exogenous progesterone treatment) during the first two hours of sleep [69].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [71] Lancel M Faulhaber J Holsboer F Rupprecht R Progesterone induces changes in sleep comparable to those of agonistic GABA(A) receptor modulators American Journal of Physiology 1996 271 4, part 1 E763 E772 8897866

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [69] Friess E Tagaya H Trachsel L Holsboer F Rupprecht R Progesterone-induced changes in sleep in male subjects American Journal of Physiology 1997 272 5, part 1 E885 E891 9176190

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Methodological differences between studies might contribute to discrepancies in sleep findings across the menstrual cycle.

    “Methodological differences between the various studies might contribute to these discrepancies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A low-estrogen environment is associated with increased melatonin levels in menopausal women, which is suppressed after exogenous estrogen administration, and oophorectomy in premenopausal women results in a significant increase in melatonin secretion.

    “For example, a low-estrogen environment was associated with increased melatonin levels in menopausal women, which was suppressed after exogenous estrogen administration, and oopherectomy in premenopausal women results in a significant increase in melatonin secretion [87].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [87] Okatani Y Morioka N Hayashi K Changes in nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis during the perimenopausal period: relation to estrogen levels in female rats Journal of Pineal Research 1999 27 2 65 72 10496141 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Exogenous progesterone in rats reduced REM sleep while lengthening REM sleep onset latency.

    “Likewise, exogenous progesterone in rats reduced REM sleep while lengthening ROL [71].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [71] Lancel M Faulhaber J Holsboer F Rupprecht R Progesterone induces changes in sleep comparable to those of agonistic GABA(A) receptor modulators American Journal of Physiology 1996 271 4, part 1 E763 E772 8897866

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Within PMDD patients, CBT amplitude is decreased during the luteal phase.

    “Although a later study [105] failed to replicate these results, the authors described a decreased amplitude during the LP within PMDD patients, as well as a trend for increased nocturnal CBT in PMDD women compared to controls during the LP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [105] Parry BL LeVeau B Mostofi N Temperature circadian rhythms during the menstrual cycle and sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and normal comparison subjects Journal of Biological Rhythms 1997 12 1 34 46 9104689 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Differences in experimental techniques and data collection methods likely contribute to inconsistencies among studies of CBT in PMDD.

    “Differences in experimental techniques and data collection methods are likely contributors to inconsistencies in the aforementioned studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There is a trend for increased nocturnal CBT in PMDD women compared to controls during the luteal phase.

    “Although a later study [105] failed to replicate these results, the authors described a decreased amplitude during the LP within PMDD patients, as well as a trend for increased nocturnal CBT in PMDD women compared to controls during the LP.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [105] Parry BL LeVeau B Mostofi N Temperature circadian rhythms during the menstrual cycle and sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and normal comparison subjects Journal of Biological Rhythms 1997 12 1 34 46 9104689 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Patient diagnostic criteria, sample size, and frequency of temperature recordings varied between the reviewed studies.

    “Furthermore, patient diagnostic criteria, sample size, and the frequency of temperature recordings throughout the menstrual cycle all varied between the studies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In another study, cortisol rhythm was delayed by approximately 1 hour in the late luteal phase compared to the mid follicular phase in healthy controls but unchanged in PMDD women.

    “In one study, PMDD patients showed a tendency for a phase-advance of the cortisol rhythm during the LP compared to the FP [63], whereas in another, it was delayed by ~1 hour in the late-LP compared to the mid-FP in healthy controls but unchanged in PMDD women [68].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68] Parry BL Javeed S Laughlin GA Hauger R Clopton P Cortisol circadian rhythms during the menstrual cycle and with sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and normal control subjects Biological Psychiatry 2000 48 9 920 931 11074230 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    TSH and PRL profiles were not obtained under constant conditions (including sleep deprivation), so masking effects cannot be excluded.

    “Nevertheless, TSH and PRL profiles, both of which are affected by the sleep-wake cycle [14], were not obtained under constant conditions (including sleep deprivation); so masking effects cannot be excluded.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    During recovery sleep after early or late sleep deprivation in the luteal phase, PMDD patients showed increased total sleep time, sleep efficiency, slow-wave sleep, and REM sleep, and decreased sleep onset latency, REM onset latency, wake after sleep onset, stage 1 sleep, and stage 2 sleep percentage.

    “Total sleep time, SE (%), SWS (min), and REM sleep (min and %) were increased, whereas SOL (min), ROL (min), WASO, stage 1 sleep (min and %), and stage 2 sleep (%) were decreased.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Parry BL Mostofi N Leveau B Sleep EEG studies during early and late partial sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and normal control subjects Psychiatry Research 1999 85 2 127 143 10220004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Responders in the study showed improved mood scores during the luteal phase after early sleep deprivation, which were significantly correlated with changes in REM sleep and REM onset latency.

    “Responders in this study showed improved mood scores during the LP after early-SD, which were significantly correlated with changes in REM sleep and ROL, indicating REM parameters to be important for the therapeutic effects of SD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Parry BL Mostofi N Leveau B Sleep EEG studies during early and late partial sleep deprivation in premenstrual dysphoric disorder and normal control subjects Psychiatry Research 1999 85 2 127 143 10220004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This interaction can lead to sleep alterations during the luteal phase in healthy women or more specific luteal-phase-associated pathology like PMDD.

    “This can lead to sleep alterations during the LP in healthy women or more specific LP-associated pathology like PMDD.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Variable results including both increases and decreases in melatonin and changes in the timing of hormones have been described.

    “Generally, circadian hormone rhythms are not significantly altered across the menstrual cycle (see Table 2), though variable results including both increases [58, 59] and decreases [37] in melatonin as well as changes in the timing of hormones [35] have been described.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [58] Webley GE Leidenberger F The circadian pattern of melatonin and its positive relationship with progesterone in women Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1986 63 2 323 328 3722324 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [59] Brun J Claustrat B David M Urinary melatonin, LH, oestradiol, progesterone excretion during the menstrual cycle or in women taking oral contraceptives Acta Endocrinologica 1987 116 1 145 149 3661054 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Shibui K Uchiyama M Okawa M Diurnal fluctuation of sleep propensity and hormonal secretion across the menstrual cycle Biological Psychiatry 2000 48 11 1062 1068 11094139 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Cagnacci A Soldani R Laughlin GA Yen SSC Modification of circadian body temperature rhythm during the luteal menstrual phase: role of melatonin Journal of Applied Physiology 1996 80 1 25 29 8847311 source

      Not checked in the free run.

54 of 54

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Neuroendocrine changes across the menstrual cycle contribute to the greater susceptibility of sleep complaints in women.

    “it is necessary to understand how neuroendocrine changes across the menstrual cycle interact with circadian physiology and contribute to the greater susceptibility of sleep complaints in women.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Altered biological rhythms of body temperature and hormone secretion in PMDD contribute to symptom development and/or exacerbation.

    “Evidence suggests that PMDD patients can experience altered biological rhythms of body temperature and hormone secretion that could contribute to symptom development and/or exacerbation.”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • There is a strong link between gender and sleep both in the structure of sleep and in the incidence of various sleep disorders.

    “There is a strong link between gender and sleep both in the structure of sleep as in the incidence of various sleep disorders [32, 33].”

    From Association between lunar phase and sleep characteristics (2014) · cites this paper as [32]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting direction of the cortisol phase shift in healthy women

    Major

    Section 5.1 says reference [68] found the cortisol rhythm advanced by about one hour in the luteal phase. Section 8.2 describes the same reference as finding a delay of about one hour in healthy controls.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 17

  1. 1999, Circadian and homeostatic control of wakefulness and sleep, 111
  2. 1999, Journal of Biological Rhythms, 14, 557
  3. 1994, American Journal of Physiology, 267, R819
  4. 2000, Sleep, 23, 663
  5. 1975, Nature, 258, 80
  6. 1990, Sleep, 13, 403
  7. 1993, Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology, 47, 478
  8. 1999, American Journal of Physiology, 277, E1013
  9. 1997, American Journal of Physiology, 272, E885
  10. 1998, American Journal of Physiology, 274, E139
  11. 1996, American Journal of Physiology, 271, E763
  12. 1992, Endocrinology, 130, 1896
  13. 1995, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 80, 1747
  14. 1996, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 81, 1076
  15. 1987, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 70, 533
  16. 2000, Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 25, 446
  17. 2000, Journal of Physiology, 526, part 3, 695

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Shechter, A., & Boivin, D. B.
Affiliations
Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
Corresponding author
Boivin, Diane B.
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Endocrinology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2010
Volume
2010
Pages
1-17
ISSN
  • 1687-8337 (ISSN-L)
  • 1687-8345
DOI
10.1155/2010/259345
PMC
PMC2817387
OpenAlex
W2097731125
Semantic Scholar
c718f8a5335329d07f752626a6e2ee716b610c90
Cited by
194
References
118
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
FWCI
7.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords
premenstrual dysphoric disorder, menstrual cycle, sleep, circadian rhythm, female sex hormones, luteal phase, sleep disorders, chronotherapy, non-pharmacological treatment, mood

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review