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The effect of sleep deprivation and restriction on mood, emotion, and emotion regulation: three meta-analyses in one
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: New theory and measurement approaches have facilitated nuanced investigation of how sleep loss impacts dimensions of affective functioning. To provide a quantitative summary of this literature, three conceptually related meta-analyses examined the effect of sleep restriction and sleep deprivation on mood, emotion, and emotion regulation across the lifespan (i.e. from early childhood to late adulthood). METHODS: A total of 241 effect sizes from 64 studies were selected for inclusion, and multilevel meta-analytic techniques were used when applicable. RESULTS: There was a moderate, positive effect of sleep loss on negative mood (g = 0.45), which was stronger for studies with younger samples, as well as a large, negative effect of sleep loss on positive mood (g = -0.94). For negative mood only, studies that used total sleep deprivation had larger effect sizes than studies that restricted sleep. After correcting for publication bias, a modest but significant negative effect for sleep loss on emotion (g = -0.11) was found; the valence of emotional stimuli did not change the direction of this effect, and type of sleep manipulation was also not a significant moderator. Finally, sleep restriction had a small, negative effect on adaptive emotion regulation (g = -0.32), but no significant impact on maladaptive emotion regulation (g = 0.14); all studies on adaptive emotion regulation were conducted with youth samples. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep loss compromises optimal affective functioning, though the magnitude of effects varies across components. Findings underscore the importance of sleep for healthy affective outcomes.
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“Moreover, sleep disturbances caused by pre-sleep worry extend beyond nigh ime distress to broader health consequences, such as mood disorders, emotional dysregulation, and cognitive impairment [5].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [5]
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“It has been shown that mild sleep restriction (~1 h) can disrupt emotional regulation [80] and impair cognitive and behavioural function [81,82].”
From The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [80]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tomaso, C. C., Johnson, A. B., & Nelson, T. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tomaso, Cara C
- Venue
- SLEEP
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-12-26
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 6
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC8193556
- OpenAlex
- W3113921716
- Cited by
- 282
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 2.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- National Institutes of Health (F31DK122636, R01DK125651, R01DK116693)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- sleep deprivation, sleep restriction, mood, negative mood, positive mood, emotions, emotion regulation, adaptive emotion regulation, maladaptive emotion regulation, lifespan differences, emotional functioning
- MeSH terms
- Emotional Regulation, Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Child, Preschool, Emotions, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation
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