The Ultraviolet Filter 3-Benzylidene Camphor Adversely Affects Reproduction in Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)
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The ultraviolet (UV) filter 3-benzylidene camphor (3BC) is used in personal care products and in a number of materials for UV protection. 3BC has been shown in vitro and in vivo in fish to be estrogenic, but possible effects on fertility and reproduction are unknown. In this study we evaluate whether 3BC affects reproduction of fish Pimephales promelas. After a preexposure period of 21 days, reproductively mature fathead minnows were exposed to increasing concentrations of 3BC for 21 days in a static-renewal procedure. Actual 3BC concentrations decreased to 23% of initial levels and median concentrations were 0.5, 3, 33, 74, and 285 microg/l. 3BC affected reproduction in a dose-dependent manner with weak effects on fecundity at 3 microg/l, a significant decrease at 74 microg/l, and a cessation of reproduction at 285 microg/l. 3BC was accumulated in fish with an average bioconcentration factor of 313 +/- 151. Dose-dependent demasculinization in secondary sex characteristics of male fish and dose-dependent induction of plasma vitellogenin occurred, which was significant at 74 microg/l and higher. 3BC had a profound and dose-dependent effect on the histology of gonads of male and female fish at 3 microg/l and higher. At 74 and 285 microg/l, oocyte and spermatocyte development was inhibited in male and female gonads. Testes of exposed males had much fewer spermatogenic cysts, and ovaries of exposed females had much fewer mature but more atretic, follicles. This study shows significant effects of the UV filter 3BC on fertility, gonadal development, and reproduction of fish after short-term exposure that may have negative consequences on the population level.
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Synthetic UVR filters such as octocrylene, benzophenone-4, ethyl 4-aminobenzoate, 3-benzylidene camphor and TiO2 nanoparticles may cause damage to the marine environment.
“Additionally, in the case of sunscreens there is a growing body of evidence that suggests that the synthetic UVR filters such as octocrylene (OCT), benzophenone-4 (BP-4), ethyl 4-aminobenzoate (Et-PABA), 3-benzylidene camphor (3BC) and TiO2 nanoparticles may cause damage to the marine environment in which they are widely used.”
From Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids for Skin Photoprotection (2019) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Kunz, P. Y., Gries, T., & Fent, K.
- Affiliations
- FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland (CH)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Kunz, Petra Y.
- Venue
- Toxicological Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-07-26
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 311-321
- ISSN
- 1096-0929 (ISSN-L)
- 1096-6080
- OpenAlex
- W2096674415
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Toxicological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- reroDoc Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Northwestern University
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (NRP50)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Reproductive biology and impacts on aquatic species
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Keywords
- UV filters, fathead minnow, fish reproduction, fertility, vitellogenin, demasculinization, secondary sexual characteristics, bioconcentration, gonad histology, oogenesis, spermatogenesis, estrogenic effects, endocrine disruption, dose-dependent toxicity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Benzyl Compounds, Camphor, Cyprinidae, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Male, Radiation Protection, Reproduction, Ultraviolet Rays, Vitellogenins, Water Pollutants, Chemical
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