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Cited by 19Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamicsMarine and coastal plant biologyCrustacean biology and ecology

A Tripartite Interaction Between Spartina alterniflora, Fusarium palustre, and the Purple Marsh Crab (Sesarma reticulatum) Contributes to Sudden Vegetation Dieback of Salt Marshes in New England

Open access
Elmer, Wade H.·2014·Phytopathology
DOI 10.1094/phyto-08-13-0219-r
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Abstract

Tripartite interactions are common and occur when one agent (an arthropod or pathogen) changes the host plant in a manner that alters the attack of the challenging agent. We examined herbivory from the purple marsh crab (Sesarma reticulatum) on Spartina alterniflora following exposure to drought or inoculation with Fusarium palustre in mecocosms in the greenhouse and in crab-infested creek banks along intertidal salt marshes. Initially, drought stress on S. alterniflora and disease from F. palustre were examined in the greenhouse. Then, a second challenger, the purple marsh crab, was introduced to determine how drought and disease from F. palustre affected the attraction and consumption of S. alterniflora. Plant height and shoot and root weights were reduced in plants subjected to severe drought treatment when compared with normally irrigated plants. When the drought treatment was combined with inoculation with F. palustre, plants were significantly more stunted and symptomatic, had less fresh weight, more diseased roots, and a greater number of Fusarium colonies growing from the roots (P < 0.001) than noninoculated plants. The effects were additive, and statistical interactions were not detected between drought and inoculation. Estimates of herbivory (number of grass blades cut or biomass consumption) by the purple marsh crab were significantly greater on drought-stressed, diseased plants than on healthy plants irrigated normally. Drought increased attraction to the purple marsh crab more than inoculation with F. palustre. However, when only mild drought conditions were imposed, plant consumption was greater on inoculated plants. Healthy, nonstressed transplants set into plots in crabinfested intertidal creek banks were grazed less each year than inoculated plants or plants that were exposed to drought. Several hypotheses relating to nutrition, chemotaxis, and visual attraction are presented to explain how stress from drought or disease might favor herbivory.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1094/phyto-08-13-0219-r

Cites

41 of 41 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

4 of 38 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Interpretationcitation

    The authors' findings agree with the general hypothesis that an abiotic stressor such as drought initiates SVD.

    “Although our findings are in agreement with the general hypothesis that an abiotic stressor, such as drought, initiates SVD (2,18,33), this report is the first demonstration of a tripartite interaction between a crab, pathogen, and plant that hinders recovery from SVD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [2] source
    • cites [18] source
    • cites [33] source
  • Premisecitation

    In southern marshes, drought was a primary stressor driving the dieback.

    “In southern marshes, drought was a primary stressor driving the dieback (2,33).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [2] source
    • cites [33] source

      The Results and Discussion report that dieback coincided with extreme drought and that drought, together with reduced tidal flooding, may have decreased water availability or increased salinity. But the paper says the cause was unknown; it does not establish drought as the primary stressor driving the dieback. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    Healthy, nonstressed transplants set into plots in crab-infested intertidal creek banks were grazed less each year than inoculated plants or plants that were exposed to drought.

    “Healthy, nonstressed transplants set into plots in crabinfested intertidal creek banks were grazed less each year than inoculated plants or plants that were exposed to drought.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    When irrigation was examined, most grazing occurred on plants exposed to severe drought, then mild drought, and the least on normal irrigation.

    “When irrigation was examined, analysis of the HPC was averaged over drought treatment to reveal that most grazing occurred on plants exposed to severe drought, then mild drought, and the least on normal irrigation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    In field trials, there was rarely any statistical difference in the degree of grazing on drought-stressed versus disease-stressed plants.

    “There was rarely any statistical difference in the degree of grazing done to plants that were drought stressed versus plants stressed by disease.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 28
  • May combine two claims. 14

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The snail Littoraria irrorata climbs stressed S. alterniflora stems and scores the tissue to promote sporulation of Phaeosphaeria spp. and Mycosphaerella spp. in the wounds, then returns after a period of time to feed on the fungi.

    “The snail climbs stressed S. alterniflora stems and scores the tissue to promote sporulation of Phaeosphaeria spp.and Mycosphaerella spp. in the wounds, then returns after a period of time to feed on the fungi (36,37).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [36] source

      The paper’s discussion reports that Littoraria irrorata wounds live Spartina leaves, promotes fungal growth, and consumes the resulting fungi. It identifies Phaeosphaeria and Mycosphaerella as probable fungi in the wounds, but does not establish sporulation, specifically stressed stems, or a delayed return to feed. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [37] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    When the herbivore is the initial agent, plants frequently activate metabolic pathways that produce jasmonic acid, which cascades many metabolic signals involved in disease resistance.

    “Alternatively, when the herbivore is the initial agent, plants frequently activate metabolic pathways that produce jasmonic acid that, in turn, cascade many metabolic signals involved in disease resistance (1,20,23,24).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [1] source

      The ‘Signal transduction in plant defenses’ section says plant-consumer elicitors and damage can lead to accumulation of jasmonic acid and other defense-related hormones. It does not describe jasmonic acid as generally cascading signals for disease resistance; the ‘Suppression via the jasmonate-salicylate antagonism’ section instead explains that activating JA defenses can inhibit salicylic-acid-dependent defenses against certain pathogens. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [20] source
    • cites [23] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The effects of drought and inoculation were additive, and no statistical interactions were detected between drought and inoculation.

    “The effects were additive, and statistical interactions were not detected between drought and inoculation.”
    • Also stated in: § Greenhouse drought and disease experiments. · plain
      “there were no statistical interactions between the irrigation treatments and inoculation with F. palustre for any of the measured variables.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In field transplants in crab-infested salt marshes in Madison, CT (2011-2013), grazing by the purple marsh crab was least on healthy, non-drought-stressed plants and greatest on drought-stressed or F. palustre-inoculated plants.

    “However, the rankings generated from Kruskal-Wallis revealed that the least amount of grazing was always observed on healthy plants that were not drought stressed and greatest on stressed or inoculated plants (Fig. 4).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Severe drought treatment reduced fresh weight by 72% compared with normal irrigation and by 65% compared with mild drought treatment.

    “Averaging over the inoculation treatment, the severe drought treatment reduced fresh weight by 72% when compared with normal irrigation (control) and by 65% when compared with mild drought treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A small number of root lesions were observed on noninoculated plants but these lesions did not give rise to Fusarium colonies.

    “A small number of root lesions were also observed on noninoculated plants but these lesions did not give rise to Fusarium colonies (Fig. 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    No such attractants have been identified.

    “No such attractants have been identified.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the current study, statistical interactions between drought stress and inoculation with F. palustre were not seen, but the damaging effects were additive.

    “In the current study, statistical interactions between drought stress and inoculation with F. palustre were not seen but the damaging effects were additive.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The drought treatment alone was rarely fatal in these studies, but when combined with inoculation or herbivory, a greater percentage of plants died or was consumed by the crab, respectively.

    “The drought treatment alone was rarely fatal in these studies but, when combined with inoculation or herbivory, a greater percentage of plants died or was consumed by the crab, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    All agents-drought, fungus, and crab, and their combination-were deleterious to the host.

    “All agents-drought, fungus, and crab, and their combination-were deleterious to the host.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    In 2011 field trials, only two plots were examined, and variability prevented statistical separation of grazing among treatments.

    “Because only two plots were examined in 2011, the variability prevented statistical separation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Data from repetitions from greenhouse experiments were pooled after satisfying the requirement for a nonsignificant treatment-repetition interaction.

    “After satisfying the requirement for a nonsignificant treatment-repetition interaction, data sets were pooled and analyzed for treatment interactions as randomized blocked factorial designs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The mecocosm studies were not designed to test for interactions.

    “The mecocosm studies were not designed to test for interactions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Scientists in Louisiana observed that plants inoculated with species in the G. fujikuroi species complex were significantly more diseased when drought stressed.

    “Scientists in Louisiana observed that plants inoculated with species in the G. fujikuroi species complex were significantly more diseased when plants were drought stressed (42).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Useman, S., and Schneider, R. W. 2005. The possible role of plant pathogens in Louisiana's brown marsh syndrome. In: Proc. 14th Bienn. Coastal Zone Conf. New Orleans, LA.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies in Georgia found that the DMSO/DMSP ratio was a sensitive indicator of presymptomatic stress in S. alterniflora and was consistently greater in leaves and stems of plants in dieback sites.

    “Studies in Georgia found that the DMSO/DMSP ratio was a sensitive indicator of presymptomatic stress in S. alterniflora and was consistently greater in leaves and stems of plants in dieback sites (32).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [32] source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Fusarium spp. produce extracellular cellulolytic enzymes that may affect the structural strength of S. alterniflora stems.

    “Fusarium spp.produce extracellular cellulytic enzymes that may affect the structural strength of S. alterniflora stems (9,41).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] source
    • cites [41] Trivedi L. S., 1981, Biotechnol. Pap. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Plant infection with many microbes can often lead to activation of the systemic-acquired resistant pathway, which decreases susceptibility to insect herbivores.

    “Plant infection with many microbes can often lead to activation of the systemic-acquired resistant pathway (13) which, in turn, decreases susceptibility to insect herbivores (39).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [13] source
    • cites [39] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In studies with Barley yellow dwarf virus on wheat, significantly more aphids and extractable volatiles were found above headspaces of infected plants than above headspaces of noninfected plants.

    “In studies with Barley yellow dwarf virus on wheat, significantly more aphids and extractable volatiles were found above headspaces of infected plants than above headspaces of noninfected plants (29).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Jimenez-Martinez E. S., 2004, Entomol. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Reduction of insect damage has been achieved following inoculation of plant roots with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria.

    “Reduction of insect damage has been achieved following inoculation of plant roots with plantgrowth-promoting rhizobacteria (43).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Fungal enzymatic digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose components may make the plant more digestible and ultimately more nutritious to the purple marsh crab.

    “On the other hand, fungal enzymatic digestion of the cellulose and hemicellulose components may also make the plant more digestible and, ultimately, more nutritious to the purple marsh crab.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Volatiles are an important attractant for insect arthropods to diseased plants.

    “However, volatiles are an important attractant for insect arthopods to diseased plants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Jimenez-Martinez E. S., 2004, Entomol. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Many tripartite interactions report a positive effect, where a challenging microorganism alters the plant to become more resistant to herbivory.

    “Many tripartite interactions also report a positive effect, where a challenging microorganism alters the plant to become more resistant to herbivory.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [10] source
    • cites [13] source
    • cites [39] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    On other crops, brief moisture deficits can predispose plants and allow increased ingress of Fusarium pathogens into plant roots.

    “On other crops, brief moisture deficits can predispose plants and allow increased ingress of Fusarium pathogens into plant roots (14,35).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14] source
    • cites [35] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Kruess observed that infection of Canada Thistle with Phoma destructiva resulted in reduced oviposition, survival, growth, and pupal biomass of the beetle Cassida rubiginosa compared with healthy plants.

    “Kruess (30) observed that infection of Canada Thistle with Phoma destructiva Plowr.resulted in reduced oviposition, survival, growth, and pupal biomass of the beetle Cassida rubiginosa O. F. Müller when compared with healthy plants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [30] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Castle and Berger observed increased growth rates of the green peach aphid on virus-infected potato plants.

    “Castle and Berger (7) observed increased growth rates of the green peach aphid on virus-infected potato plants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Castle S. J, 1993, Appl. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Both biotic (fungal) and abiotic (drought) stressors altered the attractiveness or palatability of the plant, increasing the probability of being grazed by the purple marsh crab.

    “Both biotic (fungal) and abiotic (drought) stressors altered the attractiveness or palatability in the plant, increasing the probability of being grazed by the purple marsh crab.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    These findings may provide some insight into how the landscape of certain intertidal creeks in New England can remain denuded for decades whereas others recover over time and yet others remain unaffected.

    “However, these findings may provide some insight into how the landscape of certain intertidal creeks in New England can remain denuded for decades whereas others recover over time and yet others remain unaffected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Maize plants infected with stalk rot caused by Colletotrichum graminicola supported European corn borer larvae that developed approximately 20% faster than on healthy control tissue.

    “Maize plants infected with stalk rot caused by Colletotrichum graminicola (Ces.)G. W. Wilson supported European corn borer larvae that developed approximately 20% faster than on healthy control tissue (6).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    There is no indication that the purple marsh crab feeds directly on fungi.

    “There is no indication that the purple marsh crab feeds directly on fungi, as was observed for the snail Littoraria irrorata Say in southern marshes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Infected stressed plants respire faster and radiate more in the infrared range than healthy plants.

    “Infected stressed plants respire faster and radiate more in the infrared range than healthy plants (26).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Hellebrand H. H., 2006, Int. Agrophys.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    There are at least three putative mechanisms, not mutually exclusive, that might explain the increased herbivory on stressed plants.

    “There are at least three putative mechanisms, not mutually exclusive, that might explain the increased herbivory on stressed plants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    Another possible explanation may involve chemotaxis, where stressed plants may emit volatiles that attract crabs.

    “Another possible explanation may involve chemotaxis, where stressed plants may emit volatiles that attract crabs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    To compensate for potential bias in visual estimates, plants of relatively equal size were paired so that percent losses would be reflective of the treatment.

    “To compensate for this potential bias, plants of relatively equal size were paired so that percent losses would be reflective of the treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationcitation

    A last possible explanation that needs validation may be a visual response, where the crab is attracted to certain wavelengths emitted from stressed plants.

    “A last possible explanation that needs validation may be a visual response, where the crab is attracted to certain wavelengths emitted from stressed plants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    One putative mechanism is a direct effect on the nutritional status of the plant, in that disease-stressed plants may be easier to mechanically harvest, consume, and digest.

    “One is the direct effect on the nutritional status of the plant, in that disease-stressed plants may be easier to mechanically harvest, consume, and digest.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Endophytes in the family Clavicipitaceae render their grass host more toxic to large herbivores.

    “Endophytes in the family Clavicipitaceae render their grass host more toxic to large herbivores (10).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In many systems, increased attraction to and increased fecundity of an herbivore occurs following host infection by a plant pathogen, causing negative effects to the host.

    “Negative effects to the host have been observed in many systems where increased attraction to and increased fecundity of an herbivore occurs following host infection by a plant pathogen (21).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21] Hammond, A. M., and Hardy, T. N. 1988. Quality of diseased plants as hosts for insects. Pages 657-672 in: Plant Stress-Insect Interactions. E.A. Heinrichs, ed. Wiley Press, New York.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Structural integrity may not be a governing factor in the crab's selection for consumption.

    “It was surprising that plants in dieback areas in Georgia had higher levels of Si than plants in healthy marshes (32), leading one to speculate that structural integrity may not be a governing factor in the crab's selection for consumption.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because Fusarium colonists are more endophytic than epiphytic, and because the purple marsh crab consumes the entire plant tissue, it is more likely that some mechanism other than direct fungal feeding is operative.

    “Because Fusarium colonists are more endophytic than epiphytic, and because the purple marsh crab consumes the entire plant tissue, it is more likely that some mechanism other than direct fungal feeding is operative.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
39 of 39

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Spartina alterniflora plants on the perimeter of SVD sites are commonly more stressed and stunted than plants more distal to the SVD site.

    “Second, Spartina alterniflora plants on the perimeter of SVD sites are commonly more stressed and stunted than plants more distal to the SVD site.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The experimental protocol of an initial fungal attack followed by crab challenge reflects the natural sequence of the tripartite interaction in SVD.

    “The tripartite interaction was studied utilizing a general protocol where an initial inducing attack on a plant by one agent (fungus) was followed by a second challenge by an organism of the other type (crab).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The drought treatments imposed in the experiments mimic natural drought conditions relevant to SVD in New England.

    “In addition, drought was imposed as a separate treatment to examine its role in the interaction between plant, fungus, and crab.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The purple marsh crab is the herbivore responsible for the grazing observed in the field and mesocosm studies.

    “Two adult purple marsh crabs (Sesarma reticulatum) grazing on Spartina alterniflora.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Visual estimates of biomass disappearance accurately reflect crab herbivory after pairing plants of equal size.

    “To compensate for this potential bias, plants of relatively equal size were paired so that percent losses would be reflective of the treatment.”
5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Fusarium colony P values disagree

    Minor

    The results report P < 0.001 for the inoculation effect on Fusarium colonies, while the Figure 2 caption reports P = 0.02 for that effect.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 12

  1. Carlson, P. R., Yarbro, L. A., Courtney, F. X., Arnold, H., Leslie, D., Hughes, J., and Craft, N. 2001. Panhandle salt marsh mortality: A prelude to Louisiana brown marsh? Abstr. Coastal Marsh Dieback Conf. Baton Rouge, LA.
  2. Castle S. J, 1993, Appl., 69, 51
  3. Chrichton O. W., 1960, Estuar. Bull., 5, 3
  4. Datnoff, L. E., Rodrigues, F. A., and Seebold, K. W. 2007. Silicon and plant disease. Pages 233-246 in: Mineral Nutrition and Plant Disease. L. E. Datnoff, W. H. Elmer, and D. M. Huber, eds. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN.
  5. Fereres A., 1989, Entomol., 18, 388
  6. Hammond, A. M., and Hardy, T. N. 1988. Quality of diseased plants as hosts for insects. Pages 657-672 in: Plant Stress-Insect Interactions. E.A. Heinrichs, ed. Wiley Press, New York.
  7. Hatcher P. E., 1995, Rev., 70, 639
  8. Hellebrand H. H., 2006, Int. Agrophys., 20, 1
  9. Jimenez-Martinez E. S., 2004, Entomol., 33, 1207
  10. LaMondia J. A., 2009, J. Nematol., 40, 217
  11. Trivedi L. S., 1981, Biotechnol. Pap., 3, 281
  12. Useman, S., and Schneider, R. W. 2005. The possible role of plant pathogens in Louisiana's brown marsh syndrome. In: Proc. 14th Bienn. Coastal Zone Conf. New Orleans, LA.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Elmer, W. H.
Affiliations
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (US)
Corresponding author
Elmer, Wade H.
ORCID
Elmer, Wade H.
Venue
Phytopathology
Publisher
Scientific Societies
Published
2014-10
Volume
104
Issue
10
Pages
1070-1077
ISSN
  • 0031-949X (ISSN-L)
  • 1943-7684
DOI
10.1094/phyto-08-13-0219-r
OpenAlex
W1986093365
Cited by
19
References
41
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1
FWCI
2.02
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Phytopathology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Coastal wetland ecosystem dynamics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal plant biology
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Crustacean biology and ecology
Keywords
Spartina alterniflora, Sesarma reticulatum, herbivory, drought stress, plant disease, tripartite interactions, New England salt marshes
MeSH terms
Animals, Brachyura, Fusarium, Poaceae, New England, Plant Diseases, Plant Roots, Biomass, Wetlands, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Droughts

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Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

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