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Comparison of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar: strengths and weaknesses
Abstract
The evolution of the electronic age has led to the development of numerous medical databases on the World Wide Web, offering search facilities on a particular subject and the ability to perform citation analysis. We compared the content coverage and practical utility of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The official Web pages of the databases were used to extract information on the range of journals covered, search facilities and restrictions, and update frequency. We used the example of a keyword search to evaluate the usefulness of these databases in biomedical information retrieval and a specific published article to evaluate their utility in performing citation analysis. All databases were practical in use and offered numerous search facilities. PubMed and Google Scholar are accessed for free. The keyword search with PubMed offers optimal update frequency and includes online early articles; other databases can rate articles by number of citations, as an index of importance. For citation analysis, Scopus offers about 20% more coverage than Web of Science, whereas Google Scholar offers results of inconsistent accuracy. PubMed remains an optimal tool in biomedical electronic research. Scopus covers a wider journal range, of help both in keyword searching and citation analysis, but it is currently limited to recent articles (published after 1995) compared with Web of Science. Google Scholar, as for the Web in general, can help in the retrieval of even the most obscure information but its use is marred by inadequate, less often updated, citation information.—Falagas, M. E., Pitsouni, E I., Malietzis, G. A., and Pappas, G. Comparison of Pub Med, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar: strengths and weaknesses. FASEB J. 22, 338–342 (2008)
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“Previous studies examining the suitability of search systems for evidence synthesis have focused on a limited number of search systems and/or based their analysis on a review of the search interface, yet without any in‐depth examination of core functionalities that allow reliable query‐based searching.19, 30, 31, 32”
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, Google Scholar was not taken into account in the literature search due to the poor accuracy of results, as reported by Falagas et al. [19].”
From Recent Trends on Liquid Air Energy Storage: A Bibliometric Analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [19]
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Three options for citation tracking: Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science
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Quantity versus impact of software engineering papers: a quantitative study
Garousi, V., & Fernandes, J. M. (2017) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2419-6 · Cited by 41
A bibliometric analysis of global research output on health and human rights (1900–2017)
Sweileh, W. M. (2018) · Global Health Research and Policy · doi:10.1186/s41256-018-0085-8 · Cited by 40
Evolution of research on water leakage control strategies: where are we now?
Rahman, N. A., Muhammad, N. S., & Mohtar, W. H. M. W. (2018) · Urban Water Journal · doi:10.1080/1573062x.2018.1547773 · Cited by 40
Research Combining Physical Activity and Sleep: A Bibliometric Analysis
Memon, A. R., Vandelanotte, C., Olds, T., Duncan, M. J., & Vincent, G. E. (2019) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512519889780 · Cited by 41
Metadata
- Authors
- Falagas, M. E., Pitsouni, E. I., Malietzis, G. A., & Pappas, G.
- Affiliations
- Tufts University (US)
- Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (GR)
- Institute of Continuing Medical Education of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
- Venue
- The FASEB Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-09-20
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 338-342
- ISSN
- 0892-6638 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-6860
- OpenAlex
- W2120109270
- Cited by
- 5,039
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 605 · 2025: 725 · 2024: 643 · 2023: 587 · 2022: 506 · 2021: 404 · 2020: 286 · 2019: 234 · 2018: 216 · 2017: 153 · 2016: 127 · 2015: 162 · 2014: 101 · 2013: 98 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 29.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The FASEB Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Social Sciences › Library and Information Sciences › Library Science and Information
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Keywords
- PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, bibliographic database comparison, biomedical information retrieval, citation analysis, journal coverage, keyword search, online journal articles
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Science, Databases, Factual, Computational Biology, Internet, PubMed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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