Myoglianin triggers the premetamorphosis stage in hemimetabolan insects
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Abstract
Insect metamorphosis is triggered by a decrease in juvenile hormone (JH) in the final juvenile instar. What induces this decrease is therefore a relevant question. Working with the cockroach Blattella germanica , we found that myoglianin (Myo), a ligand in the TGF‐β signaling pathway, is highly expressed in the corpora allata (CA, the JH‐producing glands) and the prothoracic gland [(PG), which produce ecdysone] during the penultimate (fifth) nymphal instar (N5). In the CA, high Myo levels during N5 repress the expression of juvenile hormone acid methyl transferase, a JH biosynthesis gene. In the PG, decreasing JH levels trigger gland degeneration, regulated by the factors Krüppel homolog 1, FTZ‐F1, E93, and inhibitor of apoptosis‐1. Also in the PG, a peak of myo expression in N5 indirectly stimulates the expression of ecdysone biosynthesis genes, such as neverland, enhancing the production of the metamorphic ecdysone pulse in N6. The Myo expression peak in N5 also represses cell proliferation, which can enhance ecdysone production. The data indicate that Myo triggers the premetamorphic nymphal instar in B. germanica and possibly in other hemimetabolan insects.—Kamsoi, O., Belles, X. Myoglianin triggers the premetamorphosis stage in hemimetabolan insects. FASEB J. 33, 3659–3669 (2019). www.fasebj.org
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Elevated myoglianin levels seen when juveniles surpass their threshold weight act on both the corpora allata and the prothoracic glands.
“The elevated myoglianin levels seen when juveniles surpass their threshold weight act on both the corpora allata [25,8,22] and the prothoracic glands (e.g. [25]).”
From Regulation of metamorphosis in holometabolous insects (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
The Abstract (page unavailable) reports that high myoglianin levels in the penultimate nymphal instar affect both the corpora allata and the prothoracic glands in Blattella germanica. The paper describes expression by instar and age, but the passages found do not link elevated myoglianin to juveniles surpassing a threshold weight. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMyoglianin evokes premetamorphic changes in hemimetabolous insects and suppresses the corpora allata, causing a JH decline, and potentiates prothoracic gland activity.
“Myoglianin also evokes premetamorphic changes in hemimetabolous insects and is especially prominent in the endocrine system, where it suppresses the corpora allata, causing a JH decline [25,22], and potentiates prothoracic gland activity [25].”
From Regulation of metamorphosis in holometabolous insects (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
The Abstract reports that Myoglianin represses a juvenile-hormone biosynthesis gene in the corpora allata and stimulates ecdysone-biosynthesis genes in the prothoracic glands. It concludes that Myoglianin triggers the premetamorphic stage in Blattella germanica, but says this is only possible in other hemimetabolan insects; the claim presents that broader effect without the qualifier. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Research works printed but not linked: 9
- Belles, X. (2011). Origin and evolution of insect metamorphosis. In eLS, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Belles, X. and Santos, C. G. (2014). The MEKRE93 (Methoprene tolerant-Krüppel certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. signaling. Development 138, 2693-2703.
- Ishimaru, Y., Tomonari, S., Matsuoka, Y., Watanabe, T., Miyawaki, K., Bando, T., Tomioka, K., Ohuchi, H., Noji, S. and Mito, T. (2016). TGF-β signaling in insects regulates metamorphosis via juvenile hormone biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113, 5634-5639.
- Lozano, J., Montañez, R. and Belles, X. (2015). MiR-2 family regulates insect metamorphosis by controlling the juvenile hormone signaling pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112, 3740-3745.
- Nijhout, H. F. (1994). Insect hormones. Princeton University Press.
- Gilbert, L. I.), Iatrou, K.), and Gill, S. S.), pp. 409-431. San Diego, California: Elsevier Pergamon.
- Swanson, C. I., Meserve, J. H., McCarter, P. C., Thieme, A., Mathew, T., Elston, T. C. and Duronio, R. J. (2015). Expression of an S phase-stabilized version of the CDK inhibitor Dacapo can alter endoreplication. Development 142, 4288-4298.
- Ureña, E., Manjon, C., Franch-Marro, X. and Martin, D. (2014). Transcription factor E93 specifies adult metamorphosis in hemimetabolous and holometabolous insects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 111, 7024-7029.
- certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Truman, J. W., & Riddiford, L. M. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2201071119 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
He, L. L., Shin, S. H., Wang, Z., Yuan, I., Weschler, R., Chiou, A., Koyama, T., Nijhout, H. F., & Suzuki, Y. (2020) · Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103452 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Regulation of metamorphosis in holometabolous insects
Truman, J. W., & Riddiford, L. M. (2026) · Current Opinion in Insect Science · doi:10.1016/j.cois.2026.101508 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Metamorphosis of the insect nervous system
Truman, J. W., & Williams, D. W. (2026) · Comprehensive Molecular Insect Science · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95424-2.00066-2
- Authors
- Kamsoi, O., & Belles, X.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ES)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain
- ORCID
- Kamsoi, Orathai
- Venue
- The FASEB Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-11-27
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 3659-3669
- ISSN
- 0892-6638 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-6860
- OpenAlex
- W2817071602
- Cited by
- 49
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- The FASEB Journal (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (CGL2012-36251, CGL2015-64727-P)
- Society of Gastrointestinal Radiologists (1030)
- Federación Española de Enfermedades Raras
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior
- Keywords
- insect metamorphosis, juvenile hormone, hemimetabolism, Blattella germanica, cockroaches, TGF-beta signaling, corpora allata, prothoracic gland, ecdysone biosynthesis, Neverland, Krüppel homolog 1, FTZ-F1, E93, cell proliferation, nymphal instars
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Ecdysone, Insecta, Juvenile Hormones, Metamorphosis, Biological, Nymph, Signal Transduction, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Apoptosis, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Insect Proteins, Blattellidae, Cell Proliferation, Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors
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