Mechanism of threshold size assessment: Metamorphosis is triggered by the TGF-beta/Activin ligand Myoglianin
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Abstract
Although the mechanisms that control growth are now well understood, the mechanism by which animals assess their body size remains one of the great puzzles in biology. The final larval instar of holometabolous insects, after which growth stops and metamorphosis begins, is specified by a threshold size. We investigated the mechanism of threshold size assessment in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. The threshold size was found to change depending on the amount of exposure to poor nutrient conditions whereas hypoxia treatment consistently led to a lower threshold size. Under these various conditions, the mass of the muscles plus integuments was correlated with the threshold size. Furthermore, the expression of myoglianin (myo) increased at the threshold size in both M. sexta and Tribolium castaneum. Knockdown of myo in T. castaneum led to larvae that underwent supernumerary larval molts and stayed in the larval stage permanently even after passing the threshold size. We propose that increasing levels of Myo produced by the growing tissues allow larvae to assess their body size and trigger metamorphosis at the threshold size.
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Myoglianin, released from skeletal muscle, is the signal that threshold size has been attained.
“Studies on Manduca sexta and Tribolium showed that Myoglianin, released from skeletal muscle, is the signal that threshold size has been attained [20].”
From Regulation of metamorphosis in holometabolous insects (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
The entry to metamorphosis occurs at threshold weight.
“The entry to metamorphosis occurs at threshold weight (Figure 3b,c).”
From Regulation of metamorphosis in holometabolous insects (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- He, L. L., Shin, S. H., Wang, Z., Yuan, I., Weschler, R., Chiou, A., Koyama, T., Nijhout, H. F., & Suzuki, Y.
- Affiliations
- Wellesley College (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Suzuki, Yuichiro
- Venue
- Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 126
- Pages
- 103452
- ISSN
- 0965-1748 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3058037825
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (acceptedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Wellesley College
- National Science Foundation (IOS-1354608, IOS-1562701)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
- Keywords
- metamorphosis, TGF-beta/activin signaling, Manduca sexta, Tribolium castaneum, hypoxia, nutrient status, body size control, holometabolous insects
- MeSH terms
- Holometabola, Animals, Larva, Metamorphosis, Biological, Tribolium, Transforming Growth Factor beta, Genes, Insect, Manduca, Insect Proteins, Body Size, Gene Knockdown Techniques
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