Cited by 1,675Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic SkillsPatient Safety and Medication ErrorsDecision-Making and Behavioral Economics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Importance of Cognitive Errors in Diagnosis and Strategies to Minimize Them

Croskerry, Pat·2003·Academic Medicine

DOI 10.1097/00001888-200308000-00003

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

In the area of patient safety, recent attention has focused on diagnostic error. The reduction of diagnostic error is an important goal because of its associated morbidity and potential preventability. A critical subset of diagnostic errors arises through cognitive errors, especially those associated with failures in perception, failed heuristics, and biases; collectively, these have been referred to as cognitive dispositions to respond (CDRs). Historically, models of decision-making have given insufficient attention to the contribution of such biases, and there has been a prevailing pessimism against improving cognitive performance through debiasing techniques. Recent work has catalogued the major cognitive biases in medicine; the author lists these and describes a number of strategies for reducing them ("cognitive debiasing"). Principle among them is metacognition, a reflective approach to problem solving that involves stepping back from the immediate problem to examine and reflect on the thinking process. Further research effort should be directed at a full and complete description and analysis of CDRs in the context of medicine and the development of techniques for avoiding their associated adverse outcomes. Considerable potential exists for reducing cognitive diagnostic errors with this approach. The author provides an extensive list of CDRs and a list of strategies to reduce diagnostic errors.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/00001888-200308000-00003

Cites

20 of 20 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.
Shafer, G. R., Kahnerman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1984) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288362 · Cited by 5,658
Incidence of Adverse Events and Negligence in Hospitalized Patients
Brennan, T. A., Leape, L. L., Laird, N. M., Hebert, L. E., Localio, A. R., Lawthers, A. G., Newhouse, J. P., Weiler, P. C., & Hiatt, H. H. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199102073240604 · Cited by 4,631
The Quality in Australian Health Care Study
Wilson, R. M., Runciman, W. B., Gibberd, R. W., Harrison, B. T., Newby, L., & Hamilton, J. D. (1995) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb124691.x · Cited by 2,480
Incidence and Types of Adverse Events and Negligent Care in Utah and Colorado
Thomas, E. J., Studdert, D. M., Burstin, H. R., Orav, E. J., Zeena, T., WILLIAMS, E. J., Howard, K., Weiler, P. C., & Brennan, T. A. (2000) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200003000-00003 · Cited by 1,673
The psychology of judgment and decision making
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-2965 · Cited by 1,255
Achieving Quality in Clinical Decision Making: Cognitive Strategies and Detection of Bias
Croskerry, P. (2002) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2002.tb01574.x · Cited by 938
Self-citation
Achieving quality in clinical decision making: cognitive strategies and detection of bias
Croskerry, P. (2002) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1197/aemj.9.11.1184 · Cited by 938
Self-citation
Judgement and Choice: The Psychology of Decision.
Winkler, R. L., & Hogarth, R. M. (1983) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288669 · Cited by 612
On the psychology of experimental surprises.
Slovic, P., & Fischhoff, B. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.3.4.544 · Cited by 488
Cognitive forcing strategies in clinical decisionmaking
Croskerry, P. (2003) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1067/mem.2003.22 · Cited by 440
Self-citation

Show all 20 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Graber, 2002, 77, 981
Wolf, 1988, J Med Educ, 63, 548
Croskerry, 2002, Emerg Med J, 19, A9

Sorted by citations

Items 901–1,000 of 1,003

Improving detection of oral lesions: Eye tracking insights from a randomized controlled trial comparing standardized to conventional approach
Puladi, B., Coldewey, B., Volmerg, J. S., Grunert, K., Berens, J., Rashad, A., Hölzle, F., Röhrig, R., & Lipprandt, M. (2024) · Head & Neck · doi:10.1002/hed.27687 · Cited by 3
Selective processing of clinical information related to correct and incorrect diagnoses: An eye‐tracking experiment
Staal, J., Alsma, J., van der Geest, J. N., Mamede, S., Jansen, E. E. H., Frens, M. A., van den Broek, W. W., & Zwaan, L. (2024) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.15544 · Cited by 3
Preoperative planning in orthopaedic trauma surgery: a lost art?
Wagner, R. K., Janssen, S. J., Borgida, J. S. W., Stenquist, D. S., Kloen, P., Harris, M. B., Aneja, A., & Ly, T. V. (2025) · Injury · doi:10.1016/j.injury.2025.112456 · Cited by 3
¿Diagnosticar mejor? Savia nueva para un árbol viejo
Alonso, L., Bermúdez, F. J. B., Abarca, M., & Almeida, J. M. G. (2010) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2010.04.002 · Cited by 3
Barriers in the help-seeking process: A multiple-case study of early-onset dysthymia in Sweden
Svanborg, C., Rosso, M. S., Lützén, K., Wistedt, A. Å., & Bäärnhielm, S. (2008) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039480801959315 · Cited by 3
Opportunities and Challenges in the Pursuit of Patient Safety
Henriksen, K. (2011) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b11219-9 · Cited by 3
The scientific nature of diagnosis
Jain, B. P. (2017) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2016-0032 · Cited by 3
The development and validation of the clinicians’ awareness towards cognitive errors (CATChES) in clinical decision making questionnaire tool
Chew, K. S., Kueh, Y. C., & Aziz, A. A. (2017) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-017-0897-0 · Cited by 3
Issues in access to end-of-life care in low-resource areas
Jain, Y. K., & Phutke, G. (2017) · Indian Journal of Medical Ethics · doi:10.20529/ijme.2017.091 · Cited by 3
How do we educate the next generation of emergency physicians: RCEM 50
Townend, W., Long, J., Munro-Davies, L., & Beet, E. (2018) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2017-207223 · Cited by 3
Office Patient Safety
Gardner, R. (2019) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2019.01.010 · Cited by 3
Diagnosis pressure and false positives: Toward a non-reductionist, polytomic approach of child mental problems
Tellings, A. (2020) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2019.1698021 · Cited by 3
Thinking fast and slow in the evaluation of injury plausibility in child protection
Skellern, C. (2020) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.15084 · Cited by 3
Referral communication for pediatric intensive care unit admission and the diagnosis of critically ill children: A pilot ethnography
Cifra, C. L., Dukes, K., Ayres, B. S., Calomino, K. A., Herwaldt, L. A., Singh, H., & Reisinger, H. S. (2020) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.09.011 · Cited by 3
Enhancing Healthcare Decision-Making Process: Findings from Orthopaedic Field
Schettini, I., Palozzi, G., & Chirico, A. (2020) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci10040094 · Cited by 3
Narrowing the mindware gap in medicine
Croskerry, P. (2021) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2020-0128 · Cited by 3
Self-citation
Continued use of scrotal ultrasounds for the workup of undescended testes: Confirmation bias and inaccuracies
Annick, E. T., Ko, J. S., Baker, Z. G., Hannallah, A., Filippo, R. E. D., & Chang, A. Y. (2022) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/jpc.15998 · Cited by 3
DxGenerator: An Improved Differential Diagnosis Generator for Primary Care Based on MetaMap and Semantic Reasoning
Sanaeifar, A., Eslami, S., Ahadi, M., Kahani, M., & Vakili-Arki, H. (2022) · Methods of Information in Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1905-5639 · Cited by 3
Delayed Recognition of Severe Systemic Envenomation after Copperhead Bite: A Case Report
Kelly, P. J., & Gerardo, C. J. (2022) · Clinical Practice and Cases in Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/cpcem2022.6.56592 · Cited by 3
Uncommon Medical Diagnostic Profiles in Psychiatric Settings Across South-South Nigeria
Uche, N. (2023) · Journal of Medical & Clinical Nursing · doi:10.47363/jmcn/2023(4)164 · Cited by 2
Reflection and Narrative in Remediation
Hatem, D. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32404-8_15 · Cited by 3
A New Practical Robust Control Design for Model-based Uncertain Collaborative Robot
Zhen, S., Li, R., Liu, X., & Chen, Y. (2023) · International Conference on Advanced Robotics and Mechatronics (ICARM) · doi:10.1109/icarm58088.2023.10218755 · Cited by 3
More Than a 100 Years After Flexner: Are We Achieving Expertise Through Medical Education?
Baker, K. H. (2024) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000006977 · Cited by 4
Cognitive biases in pediatric cardiac care
Padovani, P., Roy, A., Guerra, A. B., Cadeau, O., Ly, M., Vasile, C. M., Pass, R. H., & Baruteau, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1423680 · Cited by 4
Addressing diagnostic uncertainty and excellence in emergency care—from multicountry policy analysis to communication practice in Australian emergency departments: a multimethod study protocol
Dahm, M. R., Chien, L. J., Morris, J., Lutze, L., Scanlan, S., & Crock, C. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085335 · Cited by 5
Errors in after-hours phone consultations: a simulation study
Joffe, E., Turley, J. P., Hwang, K. O., Johnson, T. R., Johnson, C. W., & Bernstam, E. V. (2013) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2013-002243 · Cited by 3
Teaching Health Care Professionals
Krasner, M. S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-30100-6_21 · Cited by 3
The Reflection Competency: Using Narrative in Remediation
Hatem, D. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9025-8_14 · Cited by 3
Intelligent Patient Monitoring and Clinical Decision Making
Ansermino, J. M. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8557-5_47 · Cited by 3
Évaluations psychosociales
Masson, P. (2013) · Nouvelles pratiques sociales · doi:10.7202/1017392ar · Cited by 3
Failure mode effects and criticality analysis: innovative risk assessment to identify critical areas for improvement in emergency department sepsis resuscitation
Powell, E. S., O’Connor, L. M., Nannicelli, A. P., Barker, L. T., Khare, R. K., Seivert, N. P., Holl, J. L., & Vozenilek, J. A. (2014) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2014-0007 · Cited by 3
“Preflight Checklists” for diagnosis: a personal experience
Ely, J. (2014) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2013-0008 · Cited by 3
Which patients are most challenging for second-year medical students?
Walling, A. D., Montello, M., Moser, S. E., Menikoff, J., & Brink, M. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 3
Algunos problemas del razonamiento médico en el proceso de diagnóstico. Papel de algunas heurísticas y posibles soluciones
Wainstein, E. (2009) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872009001200014 · Cited by 3
Parallel diagnostic universes: One patient.
Jones, D., & Crock, C. (2009) · Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1111/j.1754-9485.2009.02052.x · Cited by 3
Learning to Diagnose a Virtual Patient: an Investigation of Cognitive Errors in Medical Problem Solving
Jarrell, A., Doleck, T., Poitras, E., Lajoie, S. P., & Tressel, T. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19773-9_18 · Cited by 3
Intelligent Predictive Diagnosis on Given Practice Data Base: Background and Technique
Isoc, G., Isoc, T., & Isoc, D. (2013) · Studies in computational intelligence · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-00467-9_5 · Cited by 3
En kliniker og en bayesianer
Brakedal, B. (2015) · Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening · doi:10.4045/tidsskr.15.0557 · Cited by 3
Moral Dilemmas in Pediatric Orthopedics
Mercuri, J. J., Vigdorchik, J. M., & Otsuka, N. Y. (2015) · Orthopedics · doi:10.3928/01477447-20151123-04 · Cited by 3
Diagnosis and Management of Asthma in the Medical Marketplace of India: Implications for Efforts to Improve Global Respiratory Health
Sickle, D. V. (2009) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374643.003.0003 · Cited by 3
The Importance of Framing
Stuart, S., Hartig, J., & Willett, L. L. (2017) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3964-z · Cited by 3
Dynamics of Decision-Making: The Issue of Reliability in Diagnosis
Vanheule, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44669-1_2 · Cited by 3
Simulation and the diagnostic process: a pilot study of trauma and rapid response teams
Juriga, L. L., Murray, D. J., Boulet, J. R., & Fehr, J. J. (2017) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2017-0010 · Cited by 3
Section 3: Health Information Systems: Expanding the Scope of Health Information Systems
Wurst, S. H. R., Bott, O. J., Giuse, D. A., & Kuhn, K. A. (2006) · Yearbook of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1638476 · Cited by 4
Twelve Tips for Students in Longitudinal Integrated Clerkships
Pepper, J., Riegels, N. S., Ziv, T. A., & Mazotti, L. A. (2019) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.15694/mep.2019.000059.1 · Cited by 3
A Novel Dual-Phase Activation-Dependent Foot-Switch Mechanism for Surgical Energy Devices as an Asset in Early Surgical Training: A Proof of Concept Study
Eisawi, A., Aung, M., & Canelo, R. (2019) · Surgical Innovation · doi:10.1177/1553350619870030 · Cited by 3
How Searches Fail: Cognitive Bias in Literature Searching
Gluck, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Hospital Librarianship · doi:10.1080/15323269.2020.1702839 · Cited by 3
Diagnosing PVS and Minimally Conscious State: The Role of Tacit Knowledge and Intuition
White, M. T. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Ethics · doi:10.1086/jce200617108 · Cited by 3
What Is Lost in Postgraduate Residency During COVID-19 Times?—a Resident Perspective on Diagnostic Error
Prabha, M., & Kumar, D. (2020) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-020-01070-4 · Cited by 3
Examination of anticoagulation prescription among elderly patients with atrial fibrillation after in-hospital fall
Obi, C. A., Bulsara, K., Izard, S. M., Delicce, A., Smith, A., & Kim, E. J. (2021) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-021-02555-8 · Cited by 3
Factors influencing the diagnostic accuracy and management in acute surgical patients
Sajid, M. S., Hollingsworth, T., McGlue, M., & Miles, W. F. A. (2014) · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery · doi:10.4240/wjgs.v6.i11.229 · Cited by 3
Teaching case in MS differential diagnosis: A Longstanding diagnosis of MS with severe disability
Solomon, A. J., Dasari, S., & Flanagan, E. P. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103540 · Cited by 3
15. Cognitive Bias Mitigation: Becoming Better Diagnosticians
(2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315116334-21 · Cited by 3
How Does Cognitive Bias Affect Conversations With Patients About Dietary Supplements?
Harris, I. M., Danner, C. C., & Satin, D. J. (2022) · The AMA Journal of Ethic · doi:10.1001/amajethics.2022.368 · Cited by 3
Reply to Gabaeff
Greeley, C. S. (2012) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2011.9.6891 · Cited by 3
Patient safety in emergency medicine
Hobgood, C. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511852091.057 · Cited by 3
Proceedings of LAW VIII - The 8th Linguistic Annotation Workshop
(2014) · doi:10.3115/v1/w14-49 · Cited by 3
Commentary on: Lockhart JJ, Satya‐Murti S. Diagnosing crime and diagnosing disease: bias reduction strategies in the forensic and clinical sciences. J Forensic Sci 2017;62(6):1534–41.
Oliver, W. R. (2018) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.13734 · Cited by 3
Cognitive Biases and Mitigation Strategies in Emergency Diagnosis
Bedolla, J., & Pines, J. M. (2023) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119616870.ch60 · Cited by 3
Structured reasoning failures compromise LLM interpretation of clinical oncology notes
Kenaston, M. W., Ayub, U., Parmar, M., Kumar, P., Anjum, M. U., Naqvi, S. A. A., Chaudhuri, A. A., Zakharia, Y., Heath, E. I., Bekaii-Saab, T. S., et al. (2026) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-026-02951-5 · Cited by 2
Avoiding Anchoring Bias in Unexplained Chronic Pain: An Unexpected Diagnosis of Synovial Osteochondromatosis
Murani, R., & Manocha, R. H. K. (2021) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2020-240462 · Cited by 2
Development and Implementation of a Safety Incident Report System for Health Care Discipline Students During Clinical Internships: Observational Study
Gil-Hernández, E., Carrillo, I., Guilabert, M., Bohomol, E., Serpa, P., Neves, V. R., Martínez, M. M., Martín-Delgado, J., Pérez-Esteve, C., Fernández, C., et al. (2024) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/56879 · Cited by 3
Potential for reducing confirmation bias using the OMP model “6-microskills” with verbalizing discordance: a cross-sectional study
Kojima, J., Uehara, T., Ohira, Y., Tsukamoto, T., Shikino, K., Yokokawa, D., Li, Y., Yanagita, Y., Sato, R., & Ikusaka, M. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-06869-6 · Cited by 2
Adding noise can reduce response biases in addition to improving perceptual performance
Rowe, E., & van Boxtel, J. J. A. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.113227 · Cited by 2
10 tips for clinical educators in designing and delivering learning experiences to improve clinical reasoning for medical students.
Le, K., Deng, C., & Le, K. D. R. (2025) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.12688/mep.21363.2 · Cited by 2
Unveiling dental diagnostic dilemmas: a national survey of US dentists
Obadan-Udoh, E. M., & Howard, R. (2025) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-025-07531-9 · Cited by 2
Optimizing Radiology Resident Competency in Pediatric Musculoskeletal Radiograph Interpretation
Boutis, K., Starvaggi, C. A., Doria, A. S., Bouchard, M. L., Camp, M. W., Taylor, J. L., Hauge, C. J., Carter, O., & Stimec, J. (2026) · Academic Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.acra.2025.12.005 · Cited by 2
10 tips for clinical educators in designing and delivering learning experiences to improve clinical reasoning for medical students.
Le, K., Deng, C., & Le, K. D. R. (2026) · MedEdPublish · doi:10.12688/mep.21363.3 · Cited by 2
Human Factors and Quantitative Data: Diverging Perspectives on ICG use in Emergency Bowel Surgery - A systematic literature review
Kulkarni, A., Sheth, C., & Pawa, N. (2026) · Updates in Surgery · doi:10.1007/s13304-025-02469-7 · Cited by 2
Strategic pitching decisions and the role of heuristics in major league baseball
Cho, J. H., & Jin, H. J. (2026) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103081 · Cited by 2
When facts are not fixed: rethinking shared decision making at the margins of neonatal viability
Lantos, J. D. (2026) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-026-01431-5 · Cited by 2
Grounding large language models in clinical diagnostics
Chen, X., Zhou, H., Yi, H., You, M., Liu, W., Li, W., Qin, Z., Li, H., Zhang, X., Guo, Y., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-70274-w · Cited by 9
Radiologic Error as an Emergent Property of Complex Adaptive Systems: Implications for Diagnostic Safety and Governance
Karamoskos, P. (2026) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.26.34634 · Cited by 2
75-Year-Old Man With Fever, Cough, Myalgias, and Pruritus
Vatterott, P. C., Schouten, W. M., & Wittich, C. M. (2015) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.09.012 · Cited by 2
An older patient with diabetes and severe foot pain
Farris, G. R., & Steinhilber, S. (2016) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.160366 · Cited by 2
Diagnostic Accuracy in Australian Psychologists: Impact of Experience and Endorsement on the Anchoring Effect
Wendt, D. J., & Tyson, G. (2017) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12311 · Cited by 2
Complexities of the Diagnostic Process
Schildkrout, B. (2018) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000822 · Cited by 2
Risk of diagnostic errors when dealing with aggressive patients: Experimental study
Alwan, I. A. A., Babiker, A. M. I., Yousif, S. A., Badri, M., & Haqwi, A. A. (2019) · Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation · doi:10.4103/1319-2442.275475 · Cited by 2
What we cannot see in virtual diagnosis: the potential pitfalls of telediagnosis related to teamwork
Choi, J. J., Contractor, J. H., Shapiro, M. F., & Patel, V. L. (2021) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2021-0040 · Cited by 2
A Research Agenda for Diagnostic Excellence in Critical Care Medicine
Cifra, C. L., Custer, J. W., & Fackler, J. C. (2021) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2021.07.003 · Cited by 2
The use of deliberate reflection to reduce confirmation bias among orthopedic surgery residents
Chaves, A. B., Moura, A. S., de Faria, R. M. D., & Ribeiro, L. M. C. (2022) · Scientia Medica · doi:10.15448/1980-6108.2022.1.42216 · Cited by 2
Failure to demonstrate effects of interruptions on diagnostic reasoning: three experiments
Alajaji, M., Saleh, N. M., AlKhulaif, A. H., Mamede, S., Rotgans, J. I., Sukkarieh, H. H., Alharbi, N. S., Magzoub, M. E., & Schmidt, H. G. (2022) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03212-1 · Cited by 2
Diagnostic challenges in primary care: Identifying and avoiding cognitive bias
Rosén (2022) · The Journal of Family Practice · doi:10.12788/jfp.0380 · Cited by 2
Diagnostic Errors in Hospitalized Patients
Goyal, A. (2023) · Journal of clinical outcomes management · doi:10.12788/jcom.0121 · Cited by 2
Zoom and its Discontents: Group Decision Making in Pediatric Cardiology in the Time of COVID (and Beyond)
Danton, M., & Bushnell, I. (2023) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-023-01944-1 · Cited by 2
Exploring Knowledge of Cognitive Disposition to Respond in Clinical Decision-Making among Early Clinical Learners
Vinaykumar, N., Gugapriya, T. S., & KALAISELVI, S. (2023) · MAEDICA – a Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.26574/maedica.2023.18.2.317 · Cited by 2
Bias, Ethical concerns, and explainable decision-making in medical imaging research
Aktar, S. F., & Andrei, Ş. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47772-0_9 · Cited by 2
Assessing Clinical Reasoning and Decision-Making in Swedish Prehospital Emergency Care: A Mixed Methods Study With an Experimental Design
Fager, O., Hindsberg, U., Johansson, A., Axelsson, C., & Hagiwara, M. A. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making · doi:10.1177/15553434241266894 · Cited by 3
Evaluating Agreement Between Medical Record Diagnoses and Independent Evaluator Diagnoses in a Community-Based Effectiveness Study
Adams, K. M., Woodard, G. S., Ehrenreich, J. T., Ginsburg, G. S., & Jensen‐Doss, A. (2024) · Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1080/23794925.2024.2414441 · Cited by 2
Pitfalls of reasoning in hospital‐based transfusion medicine
Raza, S., Jacobs, J. W., Booth, G. S., & Callum, J. (2024) · Transfusion Medicine · doi:10.1111/tme.13104 · Cited by 3
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges in an Older Patient With Concurrent Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma and Primary Duodenal Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report
Ohta, R., Tanaka, K., Miyata, M., Tanizaki, J., & Hayashi, H. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.83040 · Cited by 2
Cognitive biases and contextual factors explaining variability in nurses’ fall risk judgements: a multi-centre cross-sectional study
Takase, M., Kisanuki, N., Sato, Y., Mitsunaka, K., & Yamamoto, M. (2025) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2025.100356 · Cited by 4
A theoretical framework for the adoption of electronic patients' record management system in South Africa
Popela, I., & Dagada, R. (2016) · International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communication Engineering · doi:10.1109/icacce.2016.8073747 · Cited by 2
Generic reflective feedback: An effective approach to developing clinical reasoning skills
Wojcikowski, K., & Brownie, S. (2013) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12012 · Cited by 2
Assessing physician utilization of laboratory practice guidelines: Barriers and opportunities for improvement
Counts, J. M., Astles, J. R., & Lipman, H. B. (2013) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.06.004 · Cited by 2
Delayed Diagnosis of Metastatic Ewing Sarcoma Masked by Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Menjak, I. B., Gupta, A. A., & Grinman, M. N. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology · doi:10.1089/jayao.2013.0009 · Cited by 2
Klinisch redeneren in het fysiotherapie onderwijs
Gerards-Last, D., & Geraets, J. J. X. R. (2011) · Tijdschrift voor Medisch Onderwijs · doi:10.1007/s12507-011-0053-5 · Cited by 2
A Before-After Study of Generic Contextual Diagnostic Labelling and Immediate Therapeutic Interventions Concept Maps for Decision Making
Hassan, I. S. A., Somaili, M. A., Khathami, A. A., Ghobain, M. A., & Salih, S. B. (2015) · Education in Medicine Journal · doi:10.5959/eimj.v7i1.318 · Cited by 2
Human Factors in Matching Images to Standards: Assimilation and Time Order Error
Elfering, A. (2005) · International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/10803548.2005.11076659 · Cited by 2
Know the Plan, Share the Plan, Review the Risks: A Method of Structured Communication for the Emergency Care Setting
Salisbury, M. L., & Hohenhaus, S. M. (2008) · Journal of Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.008 · Cited by 2

Authors: Croskerry, P.
Affiliations: Dalhousie University (CA)
Corresponding author: Croskerry, Pat
ORCID: Croskerry, Pat
Venue: Academic Medicine
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2003-08
Volume: 78
Issue: 8
Pages: 775-780
ISSN: 1040-2446 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00001888-200308000-00003
OpenAlex: W1967291734
Cited by: 1,675
References: 20
Citations by year: 2026: 186 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 117 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 12.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Academic Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (P20HS11592-02)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Patient Safety and Medication Errors
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Keywords: diagnostic errors, cognitive errors, cognitive biases, cognitive debiasing, metacognition, heuristics, perceptual errors, clinical decision-making, patient safety
MeSH terms: Cognition, Decision Support Techniques, Diagnostic Errors, Humans

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Importance of Cognitive Errors in Diagnosis and Strategies to Minimize Them

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks