The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Importance of Cognitive Errors in Diagnosis and Strategies to Minimize Them
Abstract
In the area of patient safety, recent attention has focused on diagnostic error. The reduction of diagnostic error is an important goal because of its associated morbidity and potential preventability. A critical subset of diagnostic errors arises through cognitive errors, especially those associated with failures in perception, failed heuristics, and biases; collectively, these have been referred to as cognitive dispositions to respond (CDRs). Historically, models of decision-making have given insufficient attention to the contribution of such biases, and there has been a prevailing pessimism against improving cognitive performance through debiasing techniques. Recent work has catalogued the major cognitive biases in medicine; the author lists these and describes a number of strategies for reducing them ("cognitive debiasing"). Principle among them is metacognition, a reflective approach to problem solving that involves stepping back from the immediate problem to examine and reflect on the thinking process. Further research effort should be directed at a full and complete description and analysis of CDRs in the context of medicine and the development of techniques for avoiding their associated adverse outcomes. Considerable potential exists for reducing cognitive diagnostic errors with this approach. The author provides an extensive list of CDRs and a list of strategies to reduce diagnostic errors.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Cognitive errors are an important source of diagnostic error35”
From Large Language Models lack essential metacognition for reliable medical reasoning (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“However, because prior research provides ample evidence that even experts making critical decisions resort to heuristic thinking (and fall prey to cognitive biases) [4, 6, 17, 42], we have some confidence that our results will generalize broadly.”
From To Trust or to Think: Cognitive Forcing Functions Can Reduce Overreliance on AI in AI-assisted Decision-making (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“When making decisions under time pressure, people may be more likely to use recognition of past experiences and heuristics instead of more analytical strategies, such as systematically evaluating different options [18, 38, 54].”
From To Recommend or Not to Recommend: Designing and Evaluating AI-Enabled Decision Support for Time-Critical Medical Events (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“Because of heightened time pressure, poor access to information, and increased number of decisions, emergency medicine providers often rely on heuristics when making decisions [18].”
From To Recommend or Not to Recommend: Designing and Evaluating AI-Enabled Decision Support for Time-Critical Medical Events (2025) · cites this paper as [18]
Citations
Cites
Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.
Shafer, G. R., Kahnerman, D., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1984) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288362 · Cited by 5,658
Incidence of Adverse Events and Negligence in Hospitalized Patients
Brennan, T. A., Leape, L. L., Laird, N. M., Hebert, L. E., Localio, A. R., Lawthers, A. G., Newhouse, J. P., Weiler, P. C., & Hiatt, H. H. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199102073240604 · Cited by 4,631
The Quality in Australian Health Care Study
Wilson, R. M., Runciman, W. B., Gibberd, R. W., Harrison, B. T., Newby, L., & Hamilton, J. D. (1995) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb124691.x · Cited by 2,480
Incidence and Types of Adverse Events and Negligent Care in Utah and Colorado
Thomas, E. J., Studdert, D. M., Burstin, H. R., Orav, E. J., Zeena, T., WILLIAMS, E. J., Howard, K., Weiler, P. C., & Brennan, T. A. (2000) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200003000-00003 · Cited by 1,673
The psychology of judgment and decision making
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-2965 · Cited by 1,255
Achieving Quality in Clinical Decision Making: Cognitive Strategies and Detection of Bias
Croskerry, P. (2002) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2002.tb01574.x · Cited by 938
Self-citationAchieving quality in clinical decision making: cognitive strategies and detection of bias
Croskerry, P. (2002) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1197/aemj.9.11.1184 · Cited by 938
Self-citationJudgement and Choice: The Psychology of Decision.
Winkler, R. L., & Hogarth, R. M. (1983) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288669 · Cited by 612
On the psychology of experimental surprises.
Slovic, P., & Fischhoff, B. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.3.4.544 · Cited by 488
Cognitive forcing strategies in clinical decisionmaking
Croskerry, P. (2003) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1067/mem.2003.22 · Cited by 440
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Graber, 2002, 77, 981
- Wolf, 1988, J Med Educ, 63, 548
- Croskerry, 2002, Emerg Med J, 19, A9
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,003
Assessing Clinical Reasoning: Targeting the Higher Levels of the Pyramid
Thampy, H. K., Willert, E., & Ramani, S. (2019) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-019-04953-4 · Cited by 110
Ogdie, A., Reilly, J. B., Pang, W. G., Keddem, S., Barg, F. K., Feldt, J. M. V., & Myers, J. S. (2012) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e31826742c9 · Cited by 103
Simulation in medical education
Ker, J., & Bradley, P. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118472361.ch13 · Cited by 103
Profiles in Patient Safety: Medication Errors in the Emergency Department
Croskerry, P., Shapiro, M. J., Campbell, S. G., LeBlanc, C. H., Sinclair, D. E., Wren, P., & Marcoux, M. (2004) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb02214.x · Cited by 98
Self-citationMsaouel, P., Hong, A. L., Mullen, E. A., Atkins, M. B., Walker, C. L., Lee, C., Carden, M. A., Genovese, G., Linehan, W. M., Rao, P., et al. (2018) · Clinical Genitourinary Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.clgc.2018.09.005 · Cited by 98
Educational Strategies for Improving Clinical Reasoning
Cutrer, W. B., Sullivan, W. M., & Fleming, A. E. (2013) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.07.005 · Cited by 107
Diagnostic Failure: A Cognitive and Affective Approach: (448242006-001)
Croskerry, P. (2005) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e448242006-001 · Cited by 97
Self-citationA Unified Conceptual Model for Diagnostic Errors: Underdiagnosis, Overdiagnosis, and Misdiagnosis
Newman-Toker, D. E. (2014) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2013-0027 · Cited by 97
Systems 1 and 2 thinking processes and cognitive reflection testing in medical students
Tay, S. W., Ryan, P. M., & Ryan, C. A. (2016) · Canadian Medical Education Journal · doi:10.36834/cmej.36777 · Cited by 106
Diagnostic Reasoning: Where We've Been, Where We’re Going
Monteiro, S., & Norman, G. R. (2013) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401334.2013.842911 · Cited by 98
Hohl, C. M., Zed, P. J., Brubacher, J. R., Abu‐Laban, R. B., Loewen, P. S., & Purssell, R. A. (2009) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2009.10.008 · Cited by 97
Clinical reasoning difficulties: A taxonomy for clinical teachers
Audétat, M., Laurin, S., Sanche, G., Béïque, C., Fon, N. C., Blais, J., & Charlin, B. (2012) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2012.733041 · Cited by 103
Hayes, M. M., Chatterjee, S., & Schwartzstein, R. M. (2017) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.201612-1009as · Cited by 101
Personality and Ethical Decision-Making in Research: The Role of Perceptions of Self and others
Antes, A. L., Brown, R. P., Murphy, S. T., Waples, E. P., Mumford, M. D., Connelly, S., & Devenport, L. D. (2007) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1525/jer.2007.2.4.15 · Cited by 96
Cognitive diagnostic error in internal medicine
van den Berge, K., & Mamede, S. (2013) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2013.03.006 · Cited by 98
Clinical Decisionmaking: Opening the Black Box of Cognitive Reasoning
Sandhu, H., Carpenter, C. R., Freeman, K., Nabors, S. G., & Olson, A. (2006) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.03.011 · Cited by 94
Educational strategies to reduce diagnostic error: can you teach this stuff?
Graber, M. L. (2009) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-009-9178-y · Cited by 96
Critical thinking, biases and dual processing: The enduring myth of generalisable skills
Monteiro, S., Sherbino, J., Sibbald, M., & Norman, G. R. (2019) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.13872 · Cited by 94
Reilly, J. B., Ogdie, A., Feldt, J. M. V., & Myers, J. S. (2013) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2013-001987 · Cited by 91
Clinician Mindfulness and Patient Safety
Sibinga, E. M. S., & Wu, A. W. (2010) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2010.1817 · Cited by 88
Jensen‐Doss, A., Youngstrom, E. A., Youngstrom, J. K., Feeny, N. C., & Findling, R. L. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0036657 · Cited by 89
Ethical Implications of the Electronic Health Record: In the Service of the Patient
Sulmasy, L. S., López, A. M., & Horwitch, C. (2017) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4030-1 · Cited by 101
It is time to talk about people: a human-centered healthcare system
Searl, M. M., Borgi, L., & Chemali, Z. N. (2010) · Health Research Policy and Systems · doi:10.1186/1478-4505-8-35 · Cited by 89
Mapping Out the Emergency Department Disposition Decision for High-Acuity Patients
Calder, L., Forster, A. J., Stiell, I. G., Carr, L. K., Perry, J. J., Vaillancourt, C., & Brehaut, J. (2012) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.04.013 · Cited by 88
Profiles in Patient Safety: A "Perfect Storm" in the Emergency Department
Campbell, S., Croskerry, P., & Bond, W. F. (2007) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1197/j.aem.2007.04.011 · Cited by 86
Self-citationCook, M. B., & Smallman, H. S. (2008) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872008x354183 · Cited by 86
Durning, S. J., Artino, A. R., Boulet, J. R., LaRochelle, J. S., van der Vleuten, C. P. M., Arze, B., & Schuwirth, L. (2012) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2011.590557 · Cited by 85
Diagnostic errors and flaws in clinical reasoning: mechanisms and prevention in practice
NENDAZ, M. R., & Perrier, A. (2012) · Swiss Medical Weekly · doi:10.4414/smw.2012.13706 · Cited by 85
Empathy in medicine: Neuroscience, education and challenges
Ekman, E., & Krasner, M. S. (2016) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2016.1248925 · Cited by 93
Deliberate reflection and clinical reasoning: Founding ideas and empirical findings
Mamede, S., & Schmidt, H. G. (2022) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14863 · Cited by 93
Believing in Overcoming Cognitive Biases
(2020) · AMA Journal of Ethics · doi:10.1001/amajethics.2020.773 · Cited by 80
Agreement in Classifying Bloodstream Infections Among Multiple Reviewers Conducting Surveillance
Mayer, J., Greene, T., Howell, J., Ying, J., Rubin, M. A., Trick, W. E., & Samore, M. (2012) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cis410 · Cited by 81
Clinical decision making in psychiatry by psychiatrists
Bhugra, D., Easter, A., Mallaris, Y., & Gupta, S. (2011) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01737.x · Cited by 87
A cognitive forcing tool to mitigate cognitive bias – a randomised control trial
O'Sullivan, E. D., & Schofield, S. J. (2019) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-018-1444-3 · Cited by 81
Isbell, L. M., Boudreaux, E. D., Chimowitz, H., Liu, G., Cyr, E., & Kimball, E. W. (2020) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2019-010179 · Cited by 92
The Effectiveness of Cognitive Forcing Strategies to Decrease Diagnostic Error: An Exploratory Study
Sherbino, J., Dore, K. L., Siu, E. C. K., & Norman, G. R. (2011) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401334.2011.536897 · Cited by 83
Cooke, S., & Lemay, J.-F. (2017) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000001559 · Cited by 78
Ahsen, M. E., Ayvaci, M., & Raghunathan, S. (2017) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.2018.0789 · Cited by 81
Incident learning in radiation oncology: A review
Ford, E. C., & Evans, S. B. (2018) · Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/mp.12800 · Cited by 79
Diagnostic Decision-Making and Strategies to Improve Diagnosis
Thammasitboon, S., & Cutrer, W. B. (2013) · Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.07.003 · Cited by 88
Hong, W. H., Vadivelu, J., Daniel, E. G. S., & Sim, J. H. (2015) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.3402/meo.v20.27561 · Cited by 79
Graduate Medical Education and Patient Safety: A Busy—and Occasionally Hazardous—Intersection
Shojania, K. G., Fletcher, K. E., & Saint, S. K. (2006) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00008 · Cited by 79
Diagnostic Errors in Primary Care: Lessons Learned
Ely, J., Kaldjian, L. C., & D’Alessandro, D. M. (2012) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2012.01.110174 · Cited by 78
‘Fixation’ and ‘the pivot’: balancing persistence with flexibility in design and entrepreneurship
Crilly, N. (2017) · International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation · doi:10.1080/21650349.2017.1362359 · Cited by 84
Understanding Visual Literacy: The Visual Thinking Strategies Approach
Hailey, D., Miller, A. R., & Yenawine, P. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05837-5_3 · Cited by 78
Diagnostic error and bias in the department of radiology: a pictorial essay
Zhang, L., Wen, X., Li, J., Xu, J., Yang, X., & Li, M. (2023) · Insights into Imaging · doi:10.1186/s13244-023-01521-7 · Cited by 77
What’s in a Label? Is Diagnosis the Start or the End of Clinical Reasoning?
Ilgen, J. S., Eva, K. W., & Regehr, G. (2016) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3592-7 · Cited by 82
Eye tracking to investigate cue processing in medical decision-making: A scoping review
Al-Moteri, M. O., Symmons, M. A., Plummer, V., & Cooper, S. J. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.09.022 · Cited by 77
The pursuit of better diagnostic performance: a human factors perspective
Henriksen, K., & Brady, J. (2013) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2013-001827 · Cited by 77
Biases in Radiologic Reasoning
Gunderman, R. B. (2009) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.08.1220 · Cited by 73
Mazer, L. M., Storage, T. R., Merrell, S. B., Chi, J., & Skeff, K. M. (2016) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3928-3 · Cited by 71
Hammond, M. E., Stehlik, J., Drakos, S. G., & Kfoury, A. G. (2021) · JACC Basic to Translational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.07.012 · Cited by 72
Teaching clinical reasoning to medical students
Gay, S. P., Bartlett, M., & McKinley, R. K. (2013) · The Clinical Teacher · doi:10.1111/tct.12043 · Cited by 70
Diagnostic error in medical education: where wrongs can make rights
Eva, K. W. (2009) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-009-9188-9 · Cited by 69
Does Time Pressure Have a Negative Effect on Diagnostic Accuracy?
Alqahtani, D. A., Rotgans, J. I., Mamede, S., Al-Alwan, I. A., Magzoub, M. E., Altayeb, F. M., Mohamedani, M. A., & Schmidt, H. G. (2016) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000001098 · Cited by 69
An overview on cognitive aspects implicated in medical decisions
Gorini, A., & Pravettoni, G. (2011) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2011.06.008 · Cited by 74
Disrupting Diagnostic Reasoning
Monteiro, S., Sherbino, J., Ilgen, J. S., Dore, K. L., Wood, T. J., Young, M. E., Bandıera, G., Blouin, D., Gaissmaier, W., Norman, G. R., et al. (2015) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000000614 · Cited by 69
Why Do Doctors Make Mistakes? A Study of the Role of Salient Distracting Clinical Features
Mamede, S., van Gog, T., van den Berge, K., van Saase, J. L. C. M., & Schmidt, H. G. (2013) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000000077 · Cited by 71
Role of cognition in generating and mitigating clinical errors
Patel, V. L., Kannampallil, T., & Shortliffe, E. H. (2015) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003482 · Cited by 71
Pitfalls in the Diagnosis of Posterior Circulation Stroke in the Emergency Setting
Hoyer, C., & Szabo, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.682827 · Cited by 68
Ilgen, J. S., Bowen, J. L., McIntyre, L. A., Banh, K. V., Barnes, D., Coates, W. C., Druck, J., Fix, M., Rimple, D., Yarris, L. M., et al. (2013) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e3182a31c1e · Cited by 68
Chase, H. S., Mitrani, L. R., Lu, G. G., & Fulgieri, D. J. (2017) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-017-0418-4 · Cited by 68
Challenges to the Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory: Empirical, Clinical, and Policy Implications
Canivez, G. L., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2019) · Applied Measurement in Education · doi:10.1080/08957347.2019.1619562 · Cited by 67
Why Physiology Is Critical to the Practice of Medicine
Tobin, M. J. (2019) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2019.02.012 · Cited by 68
Kovshoff, H., Williams, S. J., Vrijens, M., Danckaerts, M., Thompson, M. J. J., Yardley, L., Hodgkins, P., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2011) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0235-8 · Cited by 65
Mamede, S., Splinter, T. A. W., van Gog, T., Rikers, R. M. J. P., & Schmidt, H. G. (2012) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2011-000518 · Cited by 65
Cognitive elements in clinical decision-making
Dunphy, B. C., Cantwell, R., Bourke, S. F., Fleming, M., Smith, B. R., Joseph, K. S., & Dunphy, S. L. (2009) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-009-9194-y · Cited by 65
Automated detection of heuristics and biases among pathologists in a computer-based system
Crowley, R. S., Legowski, E. A., Medvedeva, O., Reitmeyer, K., Tseytlin, E., Castine, M., Jukic, D. M., & Mello-Thoms, C. R. (2012) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-012-9374-z · Cited by 71
Durning, S. J., Artino, A. R., Beckman, T. J., Graner, J. L., van der Vleuten, C. P. M., Holmboe, E. S., & Schuwirth, L. (2013) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2013.801938 · Cited by 63
Hicks, E. P., & Kluemper, G. T. (2011) · American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics · doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.05.018 · Cited by 65
Clinical Reasoning and Case-Based Decision Making: The Fundamental Challenge to Veterinary Educators
May, S. A. (2013) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Education · doi:10.3138/jvme.0113-008r · Cited by 65
Pressures to “Measure Up” in Surgery
Jin, C. J., Martimianakis, M. A., Kitto, S. C., & Moulton, C.-A. E. (2012) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e3182583135 · Cited by 64
Barnes, P. D. (2010) · Radiologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2010.08.001 · Cited by 62
Blockchain Technology for Embracing Healthcare 4.0
Abbate, S., Centobelli, P., Cerchione, R., Oropallo, E., & Riccio, E. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2022.3212007 · Cited by 67
Veronese, C., Richards, J. B., Pernar, L. I. M., Sullivan, A. M., & Schwartzstein, R. M. (2013) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2013.785628 · Cited by 60
Chew, K. S., Durning, S. J., & van Merriënboer, J. J. G. (2016) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.11622/smedj.2016015 · Cited by 60
Ramnarayan, P., Roberts, G. C., Coren, M., Nanduri, V., Tomlinson, A., Taylor, P. M., Wyatt, J. C., & Britto, J. F. (2006) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/1472-6947-6-22 · Cited by 59
Cognitive balanced model: a conceptual scheme of diagnostic decision making
Lucchiari, C., & Pravettoni, G. (2011) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2011.01771.x · Cited by 61
Colbert, C. Y., Graham, L., West, C., White, B. A., Arroliga, A. C., Myers, J. D., Ogden, P. E., Archer, J., Mohammad, Z. T. A., & Clark, J. (2015) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.11.001 · Cited by 59
Shimizu, T., Matsumoto, K., & Tokuda, Y. (2012) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2012.742493 · Cited by 58
Isbell, L. M., Tager, J. B., Beals, K., & Liu, G. (2020) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2019-010110 · Cited by 59
Bell's palsy syndrome: mimics and chameleons
Fuller, G. N., & Morgan, C. (2016) · Practical Neurology · doi:10.1136/practneurol-2016-001383 · Cited by 58
Cognitive biases in surgery: systematic review
Armstrong, B. A., Dutescu, I. A., Tung, A., Carter, D. N., Trbovich, P., Wong, S., Saposnik, G., & Grantcharov, T. (2023) · British journal of surgery · doi:10.1093/bjs/znad004 · Cited by 60
What is so difficult about managing clinical reasoning difficulties?
Audétat, M., Dory, V., NENDAZ, M. R., Vanpee, D., Pestiaux, D., Perron, N. J., & Charlin, B. (2012) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04151.x · Cited by 58
Crumlish, N., & Kelly, B. D. (2009) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.005298 · Cited by 58
McGregor, C. A., Paton, C. C., Thomson, C., Chandratilake, M. N., & Scott, H. (2012) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2012.670323 · Cited by 56
Site of hospital readmission and mortality: a population-based retrospective cohort study
Staples, J. A., Thiruchelvam, D., & Redelmeier, D. A. (2014) · CMAJ Open · doi:10.9778/cmajo.20130053 · Cited by 55
Felmingham, C. M., Adler, N. R., Ge, Z., Morton, R. L., Janda, M., & Mar, V. J. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Dermatology · doi:10.1007/s40257-020-00574-4 · Cited by 57
COVID-19: to be or not to be; that is the diagnostic question
Coleman, J. J., Manavi, K., Marson, E. J., Botkai, A. H., & Sapey, E. (2020) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137979 · Cited by 57
Rethinking clinical decision-making to improve clinical reasoning
Corrao, S., & Argano, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.900543 · Cited by 61
Cognitive versus Technical Debriefing after Simulation Training
Bond, W. F., Deitrick, L. M., Eberhardt, M., Barr, G. C., Kane, B. G., Worrilow, C. C., Arnold, D. C., & Croskerry, P. (2006) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1197/j.aem.2005.10.013 · Cited by 57
Self-citationRecovery at the edge of error: Debunking the myth of the infallible expert
Patel, V. L., Cohen, T., Murarka, T., Olsen, J., Kagita, S., Myneni, S., Buchman, T. G., & Ghaemmaghami, V. (2010) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2010.09.005 · Cited by 56
Clinicians’ Cognitive and Affective Biases and the Practice of Psychotherapy
Yager, J., Kay, J., & Kelsay, K. (2021) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20200025 · Cited by 60
Beach, C., Cheung, D., Apker, J., Horwitz, L. I., Howell, E. E., O’Leary, K. J., Patterson, E. S., Schuur, J. D., Wears, R. L., & Williams, M. V. (2012) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2012.01448.x · Cited by 56
Kline, J. A., Zeitouni, R. A., Hernandez‐Nino, J., & Jones, A. E. (2009) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.09.034 · Cited by 55
Chest reporting by radiographers: Findings of an accredited postgraduate programme
Piper, K., Cox, S., Paterson, A., Thomas, A., Thomas, N., Jeyagopal, N. S., & Woznitza, N. (2014) · Radiography · doi:10.1016/j.radi.2014.01.003 · Cited by 56
Prevalence of abnormal cases in an image bank affects the learning of radiograph interpretation
Pusic, M. V., Andrews, J. S., Kessler, D. O., Teng, D. C., Pecaric, M. R., Ruzal‐Shapiro, C., & Boutis, K. (2012) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04165.x · Cited by 56
Advancing the research agenda for diagnostic error reduction
Zwaan, L., Schiff, G. D., & Singh, H. (2013) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001624 · Cited by 56
Jenkins, M. M., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000070 · Cited by 63
Review of the Basics of Cognitive Error in Emergency Medicine: Still No Easy Answers
Hartigan, S., Brooks, M. N., Hartley, S. E., Forrest, R., Santen, S. A., & Hemphill, R. R. (2020) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.2020.7.47832 · Cited by 56
Metadata
- Authors
- Croskerry, P.
- Affiliations
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Croskerry, Pat
- ORCID
- Croskerry, Pat
- Venue
- Academic Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-08
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 775-780
- ISSN
- 1040-2446 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1967291734
- Cited by
- 1,675
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 186 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 103 · 2020: 120 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 117 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 12.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Academic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (P20HS11592-02)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Patient Safety and Medication Errors
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- diagnostic errors, cognitive errors, cognitive biases, cognitive debiasing, metacognition, heuristics, perceptual errors, clinical decision-making, patient safety
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Decision Support Techniques, Diagnostic Errors, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
