Cited by 390Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationSpine and Intervertebral Disc PathologyMedical Practices and Rehabilitation

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Intel-correlation and Test-Retest Reliability of the Pain Disability Index (PDI) and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) and Their Correlation with Pain Intensity in Low Back Pain Patients

Grönblad, Mats, Hupli, Markku, Wennerstrand, Pekka, Järvinen, Erkki, Lukinmaa, Asko, Kouri, Jukka-Pekka, Karaharju, Erkki O.·1993·The Clinical Journal of Pain

DOI 10.1097/00002508-199309000-00006

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine the intercorrelation between subjective disability, as assessed with the Pain Disability Index (PDI) and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) and their correlation with visual analogue scale (VAS) pain intensity ratings. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Questionnaires were administered to 94 patients with chronic low back pain with or without radiation into the legs of at least 3 months' duration. SETTING: Tertiary care center. RESULTS: High correlations were noted between the ODQ and PDI (r = 0.83) and PDI factor 1 (r = 0.84), a subscale of the PDI. Lower correlations were noted between pain intensity (VAS) scores and the ODQ (r = 0.62) and the PDI (r = 0.69). A weaker correlation (r = 0.41) was noted between the ODQ and PDI factor 2. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for test-retest reliability in 20 patients (time interval 1 week) were for the ODQ ICC = 0.83, PDI ICC = 0.91, PDI percentage score ICC = 0.91, PDI factor 1 ICC = 0.87, and PDI factor 2 ICC = 0.73, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that either the PDI or the percentage score PDI and also the even shorter-to-administer PDI factor 1 may be useful and reliable tests for the assessment of subjective disability in low back pain patients. As noted by the moderate intercorrelations with pain intensity scores, both the PDI and the ODQ address a broader concept of disability than that directly related to pain intensity.

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Items 201–300 of 390

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Depressive symptoms during rehabilitation period predict poor outcome of lumbar spinal stenosis surgery: A two-year perspective
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Method
The Need for Multidimensional Stratification of Chronic Low Back Pain (LBP)
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“The SRM was calculated as the mean change in score between the baseline and the follow-up scores divided by the SD of the change scores [8].”
Method
Validating Invalidation
Molzof, H. E., Newman, A. K., Barnett, M. D., Guck, A., Scott, W., Sturgeon, J. A., & Trost, Z. (2020) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000817 · Cited by 20
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Result
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Background
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Giordano, P. C. M., Alexandre, N. M., Rodrigues, R., & Coluci, M. Z. O. (2012) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/s0104-11692012000100011 · Cited by 25
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Background
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Background
Health-Related Quality of Life After Short Segment Instrumentation of Lumbar Burst Fractures
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Background
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Background
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“The maximum score in ODQ is 70, which means 100% disability [15,16].”
Background
The Modified Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire
Denteneer, L., Daele, U. V., Truijen, S., Hertogh, W. D., Meirte, J., Deckers, K., & Stassijns, G. (2017) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000002304 · Cited by 18
“Other studies report that a shorter followup period may include a memory effect, which may represent higher reliability.(39,40) In the present study, patients were retested after an intervention period of 9 weeks.”
Result
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“A higher score indicates more severe disability (Fairbank and Pynsent, 2000; Fairbank et al., 1980; Grönblad et al., 1993).”
Background
Disability in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: validation of the Slovene version of the Oswestry Disability Index
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Result
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“Our findings confirm the results of earlier studies [5,46–49], that the VAS was more responsive to clinical change than the MPQ subscales in rehabilitation retest procedure.”
Result
Assessment of pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain: Reliability and construct validity of the Turkish version of the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale and Pain Disability Index
Biçer, A., Yazıcı, A., Ankaralı, H. Ç., Milcan, A., & Erdoğan, C. (2005) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-2005-181-206 · Cited by 13
“Reliability and validity of the PDI has been proved in various studies [6,28].”
Validation of the Arabic Version of the Oswestry Disability Index Developed in Tunisia for low back pain patients in the UAE
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“91.(26) The LBPRS includes the 3 separate clinical illness components that constitute LBP in point scales: back and leg pain (range, 0–60 points), disability index (range, 0–30 points), and physical impairment (range, 0–40 points).”
Background
Factors involved in patients’ perceptions of self-improvement after chronic pain treatment
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“91) in patients who repeated the questionnaire 1 week after its initial completion.(32,38)”
Background
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Validation of the Polish language version of the SF-36 Health Survey in patients suffering from lumbar spinal stenosis
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“The most commonly used PRO questionnaires include pain scales for back and leg pain (visual analog scale/ numeric rating scale) [2], Oswestry disability index [2], and the Short Form-36 (SF-36) Health Survey [3].”
Method
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Wall, J., McGowan, E., Meehan, W. P., III, & Wilson, F. (2023) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.05.005 · Cited by 10
Outcome science in practice: an overview and initial experience at the Vanderbilt Spine Center
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Do Pain-Related Support Preferences Moderate Relationships Between Chronic Pain Patients’ Reports of Support Received and Psychosocial Functioning?
McWilliams, L. A., Kowal, J., Verrier, M. J., & Dick, B. D. (2016) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnw346 · Cited by 10
The response to radiofrequency neurotomy of medial branches including a bipolar system for thoracic facet joints
Rohof, O., & Chen, C. K. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2018-0048 · Cited by 10
“The primary outcome measurements were analgesic efficacy of bipolar RF neurotomy using Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) which measures pain from no pain to worst possible pain on a 0–10 scale and Pain Disability Index (PDI) with scores ranging from 0 to 70, with the higher index reflecting the person’s greater disability…”
Method
Musculoskeletal pain in Primary Care Physiotherapy: Associations with demographic and general health characteristics
Kennedy, P. C., Purtill, H., & O’Sullivan, K. (2018) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2018.03.001 · Cited by 9
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“…the items succeed in measuring the various aspects of the same characteristic and nothing else) range between 0.83 and 0.87 (Chibnall and Tait, 1994; Gauthier, Thibault, Adams, and Sullivan, 2008; Grönblad et al., 1993; Tait, Chibnall, and Krause, 1990; Tait et al., 1987; Ugurlu et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Laminectomy and Extension of Instrumented Fusion Improves 2-Year Pain, Disability, and Quality of Life in Patients with Adjacent Segment Disease: Defining the Long-Term Effectiveness of Surgery
Adogwa, O., Park, P., Mendenhall, S. K., Shau, D. N., Aaronson, O. S., Cheng, J. S., Devin, C. J., & McGirt, M. J. (2011) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2011.12.082 · Cited by 9
“Patient-assessed questionnaires included Visual Analog Scale for low back pain (VAS-BP) (10, 16) and leg pain (VAS-LP) (12, 14), low backe specific Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (8, 9), Short Forme12 (SF-12) physical component score (PCS) and EuroQuol 5D (EQ-5D) (2, 14) quality of life.”
BackgroundInfluential
Patient Willingness to Pay for Reductions in Chronic Low Back Pain and Chronic Neck Pain
Herman, P. M., Luoto, J., Kommareddi, M., Sorbero, M. E. S., & Coulter, I. D. (2019) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.05.002 · Cited by 10
Effectiveness of Plasma Rich in Growth Factors in the Management of Chronic Spinal Pain: A Case Series of 32 Patients
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Does readiness to change influence pain-related outcomes after an educational intervention for people with chronic pain? A pragmatic, preliminary study
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“Reporting of this study complies with the Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist (Hoffmann et al., 2014).”
Method
Prevalence and extent of low back pain and low back-related disability in non-care-seeking working-age adults
Vraa, M., Pascoe, S. C., Maddox, D., Rhon, D. I., Cleland, J. A., & Young, J. L. (2022) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2022.102572 · Cited by 10
Multimodal pain therapy for persistent idiopathic facial pain - a pilot study
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Reliability and Factorial Validity of the Turkish Version of the Pain Disability Index in Rheumatic Patients With Chronic Pain
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Physical Examination of the Lumbar Spine
Solomon, J. L., Nadler, S. F., & Press, J. M. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-56053-591-1.50014-7 · Cited by 9
Establishing cut-offs for the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire for people living with chronic pain
Bishay, F., Tippin, G. K., Fransson, A., & Hapidou, E. G. (2023) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2022-0076 · Cited by 7
Manipulation Under Anesthesia for Lumbopelvic Pain: A Retrospective Review of 18 Cases
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Effects of Physical Therapist Training on Outcomes of Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain or Chronic Shoulder Pain
Levsen, M. J., Hansen, M. L., Kent, A. D., et al. (2001) · Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy · doi:10.1179/jmt.2001.9.2.84 · Cited by 7
Course of disability reduction during a pain rehabilitation program
Waterschoot, F. P. C., Dijkstra, P. U., Geertzen, J. H. B., & Reneman, M. F. (2014) · International Journal of Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.1097/mrr.0000000000000087 · Cited by 7
“Test–retest reliability (1-week interval) is good (intraclass correlation coefficient= 0.91) (Gronblad et al., 1993).”
Influential
Differences among primary care patients with different mechanical patterns of low back pain: a cross-sectional investigation
DellaMora, L., Perruccio, A. V., Badley, E. M., & Rampersaud, Y. R. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013060 · Cited by 7
Chronic low back pain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: prevalence and predictors of back muscle strength and its correlation with disability
Cezarino, R. S., Cardoso, J. R., Rodrigues, K. N., Magalhães, Y. S., de Souza, T. Y., da Mota, L. M. H., Bonini‐Rocha, A. C., McVeigh, J. G., & Martins, W. R. (2017) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rbre.2017.03.003 · Cited by 7
Examining the Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire in Chronic Pain
Williams, R. M., Hapidou, E. G., Lin, C.-Y. A., & Abbasi, H. (2007) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.3138/ptc.59.2.132 · Cited by 7
“The PIS has been shown to be a valid measure of pain intensity through its strong association with the PDI and other pain measures.(11,31,39,40) The reliability and responsiveness to change of the PIS also have been demonstrated.”
Method
The Relationship Between Skill Deficits and Disability–A Transdiagnostic Study
Hofmann, M., Fehlinger, T., Stenzel, N., & Rief, W. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22156 · Cited by 6
Psychological and Behavioral Assessment
Seng, E. K., Kerns, R. D., & Heapy, A. A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-08340-9.00016-5 · Cited by 7
Outils de mesure des paramètres fonctionnels dans la lombalgie Low back pain disability assessment tools
Calmels, P., Béthoux, F., Condemine, A., & Fayolle-Minon, I. (2005) · Cited by 7
Effects of Virtual Reality Exercises on Chronic Low Back Pain: Quasi-Experimental Study
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The Association Between Chronic Pain Acceptance and Pain-Related Disability: A Meta-Analysis
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“Given that measures of pain-related disability only show modest associations with pain intensity (Bahat et al., 2014; Garbi et al., 2014; Grönblad et al., 1993) and have been shown to independently predict depression, employment status, and medication usage (Bean et al., 2014; Jerome & Gross,…”
Human assumed central sensitisation (HACS) in patients with chronic low back pain radiating to the leg (CLaSSICO study)
Schuttert, I., Timmerman, H., Groen, G. J., Petersen, K. K., Arendt‐Nielsen, L., & Wolff, A. P. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052703 · Cited by 6
A Pilot Study for Effectiveness of Non-Pharmacological versus Pharmacological Treatment Strategies for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial
Kim, J. J., Kim, E., Lee, Y. J., Lee, J. Y., Park, K. S., Jung, S. Y., Yang, C., Han, C.-H., & Ha, I. (2023) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s421148 · Cited by 6
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Elabd, A. M., & Elabd, O. M. (2024) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2024.02.022 · Cited by 9
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Herman, P. M., Edgington, S. E., Hurwitz, E. L., & Coulter, I. D. (2020) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03330-1 · Cited by 6
Multidimensional pain profiling in people living with obesity and attending weight management services: a protocol for a longitudinal cohort study
Smart, K. M., Hinwood, N. S., Dunlevy, C., Doody, C., Blake, C. M., Fullen, B. M., le Roux, C. W., O’Connell, J., Gilsenan, C., Finucane, F. M., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065188 · Cited by 10
Criterion validity, reliability and clinical responsiveness of the CareConnections Functional Index
Hoekstra, C., Deppeler, D. A., & Rutt, R. A. (2014) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.3109/09593985.2014.898352 · Cited by 6
“The index has also been shown to be valid compared to the McGill Pain Questionnaire and SF-36 (r¼ 0.62) (Gronblad et al, 1993).”
Influential
Pain-related disability measurement: the cultural adaptation and validation of "pain disability index (PDI)" and "pain disability questionnaire (PDQ)" among Iranian low back pain patients
Marbouti, L., Jafari, H., Noorizadeh-Dehkordi, S., & Behtash, H. (2011) · Cited by 6
1 Outcome measures in pain therapy
Nilges, P. (1998) · Baillière s Clinical Anaesthesiology · doi:10.1016/s0950-3501(98)80003-2 · Cited by 6
MRI of herniated nucleus pulposus : correlation with clinical findings, determinants of spontaneous resorption and effects of anti-inflammatory treatments on spontaneous resorption
Autio, R. A. (2006) · Cited by 6
Screening of Patient Impairments in an Outpatient Clinic for Suspected Rare Diseases—A Cross-Sectional Study
Gutenbrunner, C. M., Schiller, J., Gödecke, V., Lemhöfer, C., & Boekel, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19148874 · Cited by 5
Preoperative sense of coherence associated with the 10-year outcomes of lumbar spinal stenosis surgery
Sinikallio, S., Pakarinen, M., Tuomainen, I., Airaksinen, O., Viinamäki, H. T., & Aalto, T. J. (2017) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316687633 · Cited by 5
Utilization of a novel digital measurement tool for quantitative assessment of upper extremity motor dexterity: a controlled pilot study
Getachew, R., Lee, S. I., Kimball, J., et al. (2014) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/1743-0003-11-121 · Cited by 5
“The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (or Pearson’s r) was used to quantify the level of correlation [26-28].”
Method
Retrospective study on effectiveness of Activ L total disc replacement
Sun, W., Wang, P., Hu, H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-020-02116-4 · Cited by 5
Effect of aerobic exercises on patients with chronic mechanical low back pain: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Elabd, A. M., & Elabd, O. M. (2023) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.12.001 · Cited by 6

Authors: Grönblad, M., Hupli, M., Wennerstrand, P., Järvinen, E., Lukinmaa, A., Kouri, J.-P., & Karaharju, E. O.
Affiliations: University of Helsinki (FI)
ORCID: Hupli, Markku
Venue: The Clinical Journal of Pain
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1993-09
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 189-195
ISSN: 0749-8047 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00002508-199309000-00006
OpenAlex: W2040987404
Cited by: 390
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 3.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Clinical Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Medical Practices and Rehabilitation
Keywords: Pain Disability Index, low back pain, disability assessment, pain intensity, test-retest reliability, visual analogue scale
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain Measurement, Surveys and Questionnaires, Low Back Pain

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Intel-correlation and Test-Retest Reliability of the Pain Disability Index (PDI) and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) and Their Correlation with Pain Intensity in Low Back Pain Patients

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