Cited by 390Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationSpine and Intervertebral Disc PathologyMedical Practices and Rehabilitation

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Intel-correlation and Test-Retest Reliability of the Pain Disability Index (PDI) and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) and Their Correlation with Pain Intensity in Low Back Pain Patients

Grönblad, Mats, Hupli, Markku, Wennerstrand, Pekka, Järvinen, Erkki, Lukinmaa, Asko, Kouri, Jukka-Pekka, Karaharju, Erkki O.·1993·The Clinical Journal of Pain

DOI 10.1097/00002508-199309000-00006

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine the intercorrelation between subjective disability, as assessed with the Pain Disability Index (PDI) and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) and their correlation with visual analogue scale (VAS) pain intensity ratings. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Questionnaires were administered to 94 patients with chronic low back pain with or without radiation into the legs of at least 3 months' duration. SETTING: Tertiary care center. RESULTS: High correlations were noted between the ODQ and PDI (r = 0.83) and PDI factor 1 (r = 0.84), a subscale of the PDI. Lower correlations were noted between pain intensity (VAS) scores and the ODQ (r = 0.62) and the PDI (r = 0.69). A weaker correlation (r = 0.41) was noted between the ODQ and PDI factor 2. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for test-retest reliability in 20 patients (time interval 1 week) were for the ODQ ICC = 0.83, PDI ICC = 0.91, PDI percentage score ICC = 0.91, PDI factor 1 ICC = 0.87, and PDI factor 2 ICC = 0.73, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that either the PDI or the percentage score PDI and also the even shorter-to-administer PDI factor 1 may be useful and reliable tests for the assessment of subjective disability in low back pain patients. As noted by the moderate intercorrelations with pain intensity scores, both the PDI and the ODQ address a broader concept of disability than that directly related to pain intensity.

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Background
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Method
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Background
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Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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Method
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Background
Transdermal fentanyl as treatment for chronic low back pain
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Use of Botulinum Toxin in the Treatment of Chronic Myofascial Pain
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“It has established reliability and validity (Chibnall and Tait, 1994; Gronblad et al., 1993; Tait et al., 1990a).”
Development of a Chinese Version of the Oswestry Disability Index Version 2.1
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Educational Achievement and Chronic Pain Disability: Mediating Role of Pain-Related Cognitions
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“For example, PDI scores significantly correlate with observational data on the frequency of pain behaviors emitted by chronic pain patients undergoing inpatient pain rehabilitation(52) and are inversely related to their ability to execute physical performance tasks.(53) Given its methodological constraints, this study…”
Background
Both resistance and agility training reduce back pain and improve health-related quality of life in older women with low bone mass
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Measuring self-reported functional status and pain in patients with chronic low back pain by postal questionnaires: a reliability study.
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Depressive Burden in the Preoperative and Early Recovery Phase Predicts Poorer Surgery Outcome Among Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Patients
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Exposure and CBT for chronic back pain: An RCT on differential efficacy and optimal length of treatment
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“For the PDI, we used the test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.91) from the Grönblad et al. (Grönblad et al., 1993) study, pretreatment mean (M 33.69, SD 11.59) and normative population data (M 6.8, SD 11.4) from the Mewes et al. study (Mewes et al., 2009).”
MethodInfluential
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale in African American and Caucasian Workers' Compensation claimants with low back injuries
Chibnall, J. T., & Tait, R. C. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.11.016 · Cited by 83
“The PDI has established reliability and validity (Chibnall and Tait, 1994; Gronblad et al., 1993; Tait et al., 1990) and its internal consistency reliability in the present sample was 0.93.”
BackgroundInfluential
Severity of Symptoms and Signs in Relation to Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings Among Sciatic Patients
Karppinen, J. I., Malmivaara, A. O. V., Tervonen, O. A., et al. (2001) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-200104010-00015 · Cited by 81
Validity and Reproducibility of Self-report Measures of Walking Capacity in Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Tomkins‐Lane, C., & Battié, M. C. (2010) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181f5e13b · Cited by 80
Neuromuscular Consequences of Low Back Pain and Core Dysfunction
Hammill, R. R., Beazell, J. R., & Hart, J. M. (2008) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2008.02.005 · Cited by 76
Adding Triamcinolone to Endoscopic Ultrasound–Guided Celiac Plexus Blockade Does Not Reduce Pain in Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis
Stevens, T., Costanzo, A., López, R., et al. (2011) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.09.006 · Cited by 75
The relationship between balance performance, lumbar extension strength, trunk extension endurance, and pain in participants with chronic low back pain, and those without
Behennah, J., Conway, R., Fisher, J., Osborne, N., & Steele, J. (2018) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.01.023 · Cited by 74
Condition-specific outcome measures for low back pain
Müller, U., Duetz, M. S., Roeder, C., & Greenough, C. G. (2004) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-003-0665-1 · Cited by 70
Does functional capacity evaluation predict recovery in workers’ compensation claimants with upper extremity disorders?
Gross, D. P., & Battié, M. C. (2006) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.2005.020446 · Cited by 73
Relationships Among Pain Disability, Pain Intensity, Illness Intrusiveness, and Upper Extremity Disability in Patients With Traumatic Peripheral Nerve Injury
Novak, C. B., Anastakis, D. J., Beaton, D., Mackinnon, S. E., & Katz, J. D. (2010) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.07.018 · Cited by 74
Do Pain Patients at High Risk for Substance Misuse Experience More Pain?: A Longitudinal Outcomes Study
Jamison, R. N., Link, C. L., & Marceau, L. D. (2009) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00679.x · Cited by 73
Validation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Polish Version of the Oswestry Disability Index
Miekisiak, G. J., Kołłątaj, M., Dobrogowski, J., Kloc, W., Libionka, W., Banach, M., Łątka, D., Sobolewski, T., Sulewski, A., Nowakowski, A., et al. (2012) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e31827e948b · Cited by 72
The effect of lumbar extension training with and without pelvic stabilization on lumbar strength and low back pain1
Smith, D., Bissell, G., Bruce‐Low, S., & Wakefield, C. J. (2011) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-2011-0301 · Cited by 72
“It has a high degree of sensitivity as a measure of change following treatment [7], high test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation of 0.94 [12]) and a high correlation with pain intensity [11].”
Influential
Cost-effectiveness of multilevel hemilaminectomy for lumbar stenosis–associated radiculopathy
Park, P., Fulchiero, E. C., Davis, B. J., Adogwa, O., Aaronson, O. S., Cheng, J. S., Devin, C. J., & McGirt, M. J. (2011) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2011.04.024 · Cited by 71
“Patient-assessed questionnaires included visual analog scale (0–10 point scale) for leg pain (VAS-LP) [10,11], Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) [12–14], quality of life (Short Form-12 [SF-12]) [15,16], and health state utility (EuroQuol 5D [EQ-5D]) [4,17].”
Background
Validation in Colombia of the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire in Patients With Low Back Pain
Álvarez, K. P., Lugo‐Agudelo, L. H., Morales, V., & Londoño, A. C. (2011) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e318219d184 · Cited by 73
Patient and Parental Perception of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Before and After Surgery in Comparison with Surface and Radiographic Measurements
Pratt, R. K., Burwell, R. G., Cole, A., et al. (2002) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-200207150-00012 · Cited by 71
The reliability and validity of a measure of perceived functional capacity for work in chronic back pain
Gibson, E., & Strong, J. (1996) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/bf02110753 · Cited by 71
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and the Diathesis-Stress Model of Chronic Pain and Disability in Patients Undergoing Major Surgery
Martin, A. L., Halket, E., Asmundson, G. J. G., Flora, D. B., & Katz, J. D. (2010) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e3181e15b98 · Cited by 76
Factors Influencing Results of Functional Capacity Evaluations in Workers' Compensation Claimants With Low Back Pain
Gross, D. P., & Battié, M. C. (2005) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/85.4.315 · Cited by 72
Does endometriosis affect professional life? A matched case-control study in Switzerland, Germany and Austria
Sperschneider, M. L., Hengartner, M. P., Schwartz, A. K., Geraedts, K., Rauchfuß, M., Woelfler, M. M., Haeberlin, F., von Orelli, S., Eberhard, M., Maurer, F., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019570 · Cited by 70
A multifaceted workplace intervention for low back pain in nurses' aides
Rasmussen, C. D. N., Holtermann, A., Bay, H., Søgaard, K., & Jørgensen, M. B. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000234 · Cited by 69
Effects of therapeutic ultrasound and electrical stimulation program on pain, trunk muscle strength, disability, walking performance, quality of life, and depression in patients with low back pain: a randomized-controlled trial
Durmuş, D., Durmaz, Y., & Cantürk, F. (2009) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-009-1072-7 · Cited by 68
“Higher score of the PDI reXects greater disability [19].”
Background
Traduction en arabe et validation de l’indice d’Oswestry dans une population de lombalgiques Nord-Africains
Guermazi, M., Mezghani, M., Ghroubi, S., Elleuch, M. H., Med, A., Poiraudeau, S., Mrabet, F., Dammak, J., Fermanian, J., Baklouti, S., et al. (2004) · Annales de Réadaptation et de Médecine Physique · doi:10.1016/j.annrmp.2004.06.055 · Cited by 67
Musculoskeletal symptoms and orthopaedic complications in pregnancy: pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches and modern management
Bhardwaj, A., & Nagandla, K. (2014) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2013-132377 · Cited by 67
ASSESSMENT OF CHRONIC PAIN BEHAVIOUR: RELIABILITY OF THE METHOD AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH PERCEIVED DISABILITY, PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT AND FUNCTION
Koho, P. (2001) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1080/165019701750165970 · Cited by 67
“Pearson product moment correlation between pain behaviour, subjective pain report, disability and physical performance variables (n = 51) Extension Forward exion Lateral exion to left Lateral exion to right Rotation to left Rotation to right Repetitive sit-up Repetitive arching Repetitive squatting Hand grip left Hand…”
MethodInfluential
Cross-Cultural Adaptation of a German Version of the Oswestry Disability Index and Evaluation of Its Measurement Properties
Osthus, H., Cziske, R., & Jacobi, E. (2006) · Spine · doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000222054.89431.42 · Cited by 67
Muscle activation imbalance and low-back injury in varsity athletes
Reeves, N. P., Cholewicki, J., & Silfies, S. P. (2006) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2005.07.008 · Cited by 65
“Prior to experimental testing, subjects completed a personal data questionnaire, visual analog pain scale (0–10) [2,10], and Roland–Morris Disability Scale (0–27) [29].”
Method
Accurately measuring the quality and effectiveness of cervical spine surgery in registry efforts: determining the most valid and responsive instruments
Godil, S. S., Park, P., Zuckerman, S. L., Mendenhall, S. K., & McGirt, M. J. (2013) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2013.07.444 · Cited by 65
Construct Validity of a Kinesiophysical Functional Capacity Evaluation Administered Within a Worker's Compensation Environment
Gross, D. P., & Battié, M. C. (2003) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1023/a:1026276822721 · Cited by 64
“(18) found both overall PDI score and percentage score correlated strongly and nearly equivalently with the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire.”
Method
CT-guided ozone/steroid therapy for the treatment of degenerative spinal disease—effect of age, gender, disc pathology and multi-segmental changes
Oder, B., Loewe, M., Reisegger, M., Lang, W., Ilias, W., & Thurnher, S. A. (2008) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-008-0398-2 · Cited by 62
“VAS and ODI sores are useful and reliable tests for assessment of subjective disability in low back pain patients, and especially, the percentage change of the ODI is supposed to be the best marker of outcome when subjective scoring systems are used [45, 46].”
Background
Revision lumbar surgery in elderly patients with symptomatic pseudarthrosis, adjacent-segment disease, or same-level recurrent stenosis. Part 1. Two-year outcomes and clinical efficacy
Adogwa, O., Carr, R. K., Kudyba, K., Karikari, I. O., Bagley, C. A., Gokaslan, Z. L., Theodore, N., & Cheng, J. S. (2012) · Journal of Neurosurgery Spine · doi:10.3171/2012.11.spine12224 · Cited by 63

Authors: Grönblad, M., Hupli, M., Wennerstrand, P., Järvinen, E., Lukinmaa, A., Kouri, J.-P., & Karaharju, E. O.
Affiliations: University of Helsinki (FI)
ORCID: Hupli, Markku
Venue: The Clinical Journal of Pain
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1993-09
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 189-195
ISSN: 0749-8047 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00002508-199309000-00006
OpenAlex: W2040987404
Cited by: 390
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 3.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Clinical Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Medical Practices and Rehabilitation
Keywords: Pain Disability Index, low back pain, disability assessment, pain intensity, test-retest reliability, visual analogue scale
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain Measurement, Surveys and Questionnaires, Low Back Pain

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Intel-correlation and Test-Retest Reliability of the Pain Disability Index (PDI) and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) and Their Correlation with Pain Intensity in Low Back Pain Patients

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