Cited by 390Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationSpine and Intervertebral Disc PathologyMedical Practices and Rehabilitation

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Intel-correlation and Test-Retest Reliability of the Pain Disability Index (PDI) and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) and Their Correlation with Pain Intensity in Low Back Pain Patients

Grönblad, Mats, Hupli, Markku, Wennerstrand, Pekka, Järvinen, Erkki, Lukinmaa, Asko, Kouri, Jukka-Pekka, Karaharju, Erkki O.·1993·The Clinical Journal of Pain

DOI 10.1097/00002508-199309000-00006

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To determine the intercorrelation between subjective disability, as assessed with the Pain Disability Index (PDI) and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) and their correlation with visual analogue scale (VAS) pain intensity ratings. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: Questionnaires were administered to 94 patients with chronic low back pain with or without radiation into the legs of at least 3 months' duration. SETTING: Tertiary care center. RESULTS: High correlations were noted between the ODQ and PDI (r = 0.83) and PDI factor 1 (r = 0.84), a subscale of the PDI. Lower correlations were noted between pain intensity (VAS) scores and the ODQ (r = 0.62) and the PDI (r = 0.69). A weaker correlation (r = 0.41) was noted between the ODQ and PDI factor 2. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for test-retest reliability in 20 patients (time interval 1 week) were for the ODQ ICC = 0.83, PDI ICC = 0.91, PDI percentage score ICC = 0.91, PDI factor 1 ICC = 0.87, and PDI factor 2 ICC = 0.73, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that either the PDI or the percentage score PDI and also the even shorter-to-administer PDI factor 1 may be useful and reliable tests for the assessment of subjective disability in low back pain patients. As noted by the moderate intercorrelations with pain intensity scores, both the PDI and the ODQ address a broader concept of disability than that directly related to pain intensity.

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Psychosocial Factors and Surgical Outcomes
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“…instruments such as: the visual analog scale (Jerome and Gross, 1991; Soer et al, 2013, 2012; Tait and Chibnall, 2005); Oswestry Disability Index (Gronblad et al, 1993); Short Form 12 (Tait and Chibnall, 2005); Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (Tait and Chibnall, 2005); the SF-36; and the…”
BackgroundMethod
The interpretation of change score of the pain disability index after vocational rehabilitation is baseline dependent
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Result
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Holm, I., Friis, A., Storheim, K., & Brox, J. I. (2003) · Spine · doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000058931.31599.e2 · Cited by 85
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Background
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Method
New Modified English and Hindi Oswestry Disability Index in Low Back Pain Patients Treated Conservatively in Indian Population
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“The English and Hindi versions of the ODI showed results similar to those presented in the original ODI English version with test-retest reliability [1,5,22], internal consistencies [1,5], and correlation with a VAS [22].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound on Pain, Disability, Walking Performance, Quality of Life, and Depression in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial
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“The PDI was developed as a brief, self-report indicator of pain-related disability.(19,21,22) The sum score was used in this study.”
Method
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Spinal Performance and Functional Impairment in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis and Osteopenia without Vertebral Fracture
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“good validity and reliability [17,18].”
Validity of the Central Sensitization Inventory to Address Human Assumed Central Sensitization: Newly Proposed Clinically Relevant Values and Associations
Schuttert, I., Wolff, A. P., Preuper, R. H. R. S., Malmberg, A. G., Reneman, M. F., & Timmerman, H. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12144849 · Cited by 34
Are patient-reported outcomes predictive of patient satisfaction 5 years after anterior cervical spine surgery?
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Relationship of Subjective Disability with Pain Intensity, Pain Duration, Pain Location, and Work-Related Factors in Nonoperated Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain
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Self-citation
Chronic Pain Management
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Can brief measures effectively screen for pain and somatic malingering? Examination of the Modified Somatic Perception Questionnaire and Pain Disability Index
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Is phonophoresis effective in the treatment of chronic low back pain? A single-blind randomized controlled trial
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“The maximum score in ODQ is 50, which means 100 % disability [12, 13].”
Background
Somatic comorbidity and younger age are associated with life dissatisfaction among patients with lumbar spinal stenosis before surgical treatment
Sinikallio, S., Aalto, T. J., Airaksinen, O., Herno, A., Kröger, H., Savolainen, S., Turunen, V., & Viinamäki, H. T. (2006) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-006-0080-5 · Cited by 30
Using Clinical Registries to Improve the Quality of Neurosurgical Care
Asher, A. L., Park, P., Rolston, J. D., Selden, N. R. W., & McGirt, M. J. (2015) · Neurosurgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nec.2014.11.010 · Cited by 28
Relação entre a dor lombar crônica não específica com a incapacidade, a postura estática e a flexibilidade
Ribeiro, R. P., Sedrez, J. A., Candotti, C. T., & Vieira, A. (2018) · Fisioterapia e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/1809-2950/18001925042018 · Cited by 28
Outcome of a Dynamic Neutralization System for the Spine
Sapkas, G. S., Mavrogenis, A. F., Starantzis, K. A., Soultanis, K., Kokkalis, Z. T., & Papagelopoulos, P. J. (2012) · Orthopedics · doi:10.3928/01477447-20120919-19 · Cited by 29
Effectiveness of physical therapist administered spinal manipulation for the treatment of low back pain: a systematic review of the literature.
Kuczynski, J. J., Schwieterman, B., Columber, K., Knupp, D., Shaub, L., & Cook, C. E. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 29
Key Characteristics of Low Back Pain and Disability in College-Aged Adults: A Pilot Study
Handrakis, J. P., Friel, K., Hoeffner, F., Akinkunle, O., Genova, V., Isakov, E., Mathew, J., & Vitulli, F. (2012) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.02.013 · Cited by 29
Chronic myofascial pain: knowledge of diagnosis and satisfaction with treatment.
Roth, R., Horowitz, K., & Bachman, J. (1998) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(98)90096-x · Cited by 31
Validation of the Arabic Version of the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale
Alnahhal, A., & May, S. (2012) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3182765a3f · Cited by 27
Musculoskeletal Symptoms, Work Ability, and Disability among Nursing Personnel
de Souza, A. C., & Alexandre, N. M. C. (2012) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/216507991206000805 · Cited by 27
“A study of individuals with low back pain in Finland identified a strong correlation between pain intensity and disability (r = 0.69) (Gronbland et al., 1993).”
BackgroundInfluential
Cross-cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Hausa Version of the Oswestry Disability Index 2.1a for Patients With Low Back Pain
Adamu, A. S., Ibrahim, A. A., Ahmad, R. Y., Akindele, M. O., Kaka, B., & Mukhtar, N. B. (2019) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000003068 · Cited by 27
“62) reported by Gronblad et al.(61) This was higher than the range of 0.”
BackgroundInfluential
Neurochemical Analysis of Primary Motor Cortex in Chronic Low Back Pain
Sharma, N. K., Brooks, W. M., Popescu, E. A., Dillen, L. V., George, S. Z., McCarson, K. E., Gajewski, B. J., Gorman, P., & Cirstea, C. M. (2012) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci2030319 · Cited by 26
Effects of electrical stimulation program on trunk muscle strength, functional capacity, quality of life, and depression in the patients with low back pain: a randomized controlled trial
Durmuş, D., Akyol, Y., Alaylı, G., et al. (2008) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-008-0819-x · Cited by 26
“The maximum score in ODQ is 70, which means 100% disability [15, 16].”
Background
The Role of Educational and Learning Approaches in Rehabilitation of Whiplash-Associated Disorders in Lessening the Transition to Chronicity
Söderlund, A. (2011) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0b013e3182388220 · Cited by 26
West China Hospital Set of Measures in Chinese to Evaluate Back Pain Treatment
Volinn, E., Yang, B., He, J., Sheng, X., Ying, J., Volinn, W., Zhang, J., & Zuo, Y. (2010) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00846.x · Cited by 27
Coping as a Mediating Factor Between Self-Efficacy and Disability in Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD)
Söderlund, A., & Lindberg, P. (2002) · Journal of Whiplash & Related Disorders · doi:10.1300/j180v01n02_03 · Cited by 27
Accuracy of the Modified Somatic Perception Questionnaire and Pain Disability Index in the Detection of Malingered Pain-Related Disability in Chronic Pain
Bianchini, K. J., Aguerrevere, L. E., Guise, B. J., Ord, J. S., Etherton, J. L., Meyers, J. E., Soignier, R. D., Greve, K. W., Curtis, K. L., & Bui, J. (2014) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2014.986199 · Cited by 25
Does wearing unstable shoes reduce low back pain and disability in nurses? A randomized controlled pilot study
Vieira, E. R., & Brunt, D. (2015) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215515576812 · Cited by 25
Reference Values of the Pain Disability Index in Patients With Painful Musculoskeletal and Spinal Disorders
Soer, R., Köke, A. J. A., Speijer, B. L. G. N., Vroomen, P. C. A. J., Smeets, R., Coppes, M. H., Reneman, M. F., & Gross, D. P. (2015) · Spine · doi:10.1097/brs.0000000000000827 · Cited by 25
“Consequently, diagnostic clusters included the following: (1) spinal nerve and intervertebral disc–related disorders of the low back; (2) nonspecifi c low back pain; (3) rheumatic soft-tissue pain; (4) whiplash-associated disorder; and (5) stenosis of the low back (see Supplemental Digital Content Appendix, available…”
Background
Pain Intensity as a Lagging Indicator of Patient Improvement: Longitudinal Relationships With Sleep, Psychiatric Distress, and Function in Multidisciplinary Care
Sturgeon, J. A., Langford, D. J., Tauben, D. J., & Sullivan, M. D. (2020) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2020.10.001 · Cited by 24
Extent of intraoperative muscle dissection does not affect long-term outcomes after minimally invasive surgery versus open-transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion surgery: A prospective longitudinal cohort study
Adogwa, O., Carr, K., Huang, K. T., Cheng, J. S., Johnson, K., Min, E., & Issar, N. M. (2012) · Surgical Neurology International · doi:10.4103/2152-7806.103868 · Cited by 24
“Questionnaires administered included: the Visual Analog Scales for low back pain (BP-VAS)[12,14,20] and leg pain (LPVAS),[14] the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI),[9,10] the SF-36 physical component score (PCS)[13,25] for low back specific functional disability, and the SF-36 mental component scores (MCS) for the asses…”
Method
Towards an ICF- and IMMPACT-Based Pain Vocational Rehabilitation Core Set in the Netherlands
Reneman, M. F., Beemster, T. T., Edelaar, M. J. A., van Velzen, J. M., van Bennekom, C. A. M., & Escorpizo, R. S. (2013) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-013-9423-3 · Cited by 24
Depressive symptoms predict postoperative disability among patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A two-year prospective study comparing two age groups
Sinikallio, S., Aalto, T. J., Lehto, S. M., Airaksinen, O., Herno, A., Kröger, H., & Viinamäki, H. T. (2010) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638280903171477 · Cited by 24
Electrical stimulation for chronic non-specific low back pain in a working-age population: a 12-week double blinded randomized controlled trial
Thiese, M. S., Hughes, M., & Biggs, J. J. (2013) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-14-117 · Cited by 24
Shoe Orthotics for the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Cambron, J. A., Dexheimer, J. M., Duarte, M., & Freels, S. A. (2017) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.03.028 · Cited by 27
“83 for test-retest reliability.(54) To better assess treatment effect and adherence to care, consistency/frequency of orthotic use (number of days and number of hours worn), symptoms experienced during use, comfort levels, and other health care utilization for LBP were collected every 2 weeks of participation via self…”
Method
Reduced intraepidermal nerve fiber density in patients with chronic ischemic pain in peripheral arterial disease
Gröne, E., Üçeyler, N., Abahji, T. N., Fleckenstein, J., Irnich, D., Mussack, T., Hoffmann, U., Sommer, C., & Lang, P. M. (2014) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2014.06.003 · Cited by 23
“It consists of 7 questions representing different aspects of daily life and provides a global score between 0 = no disability and 70 = total disability [15,46].”
Background
Greater disability with increased pain involvement, pain intensity and depressive preoccupation
Türp, J. C., Kowalski, C. J., & Stohler, C. S. (1997) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/s1090-3801(97)90036-7 · Cited by 23

Authors: Grönblad, M., Hupli, M., Wennerstrand, P., Järvinen, E., Lukinmaa, A., Kouri, J.-P., & Karaharju, E. O.
Affiliations: University of Helsinki (FI)
ORCID: Hupli, Markku
Venue: The Clinical Journal of Pain
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1993-09
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 189-195
ISSN: 0749-8047 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00002508-199309000-00006
OpenAlex: W2040987404
Cited by: 390
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 20
FWCI: 3.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Clinical Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Medical Practices and Rehabilitation
Keywords: Pain Disability Index, low back pain, disability assessment, pain intensity, test-retest reliability, visual analogue scale
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Disability Evaluation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain Measurement, Surveys and Questionnaires, Low Back Pain

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Intel-correlation and Test-Retest Reliability of the Pain Disability Index (PDI) and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) and Their Correlation with Pain Intensity in Low Back Pain Patients

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