Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients

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Use of Sedating Drugs and Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation for Respiratory Failure: A National Survey

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Beyond the Ramsay scale

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Comparison of propofol and midazolam for sedation in intensive care unit patients

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Continuous intravenous infusions of lorazepam versus midazolam for sedation during mechanical ventilatory support

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Self-Extubations

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Energy expenditure and withdrawal of sedation in severe head-injured patients

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Psychiatric complications in a surgical ICU

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Managing agitation in critically ill patients

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Development of an Alcohol Withdrawal Clinical Pathway: An Interdisciplinary Process

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COST-EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF AGITATION IN THE MECHANICALLY VENTILATED TRAUMA PATIENT USING SEDATION GUIDELINES

Broering, B., Brenton, C., Messick, W. J., & Thomason, M. H. (1998) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199801001-00252 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pain, Agitation, and Delirium in Adult Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

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The Richmond agitation-sedation scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients

Sessler, C. N., Gosnell, M. S., Grap, M. J., Brophy, G. M., O'Neal, P. V., Keane, K. A., Tesoro, E. P., & Elswick, R. K. (2002) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.2107138 · Cited by 3,695 · see citing works

Delirium as a Predictor of Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

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Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult

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Monitoring Sedation Status Over Time in ICU Patients

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Assessing pain in critically ill sedated patients by using a behavioral pain scale

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Mechanical Ventilation–induced Diaphragm Atrophy Strongly Impacts Clinical Outcomes

Goligher, E. C., Dres, M., Fan, E., Rubenfeld, G. D., Scales, D. C., Herridge, M. S., Vorona, S., Sklar, M. C., Rittayamai, N., Lanys, A., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201703-0536oc · Cited by 825 · see citing works

Delirium in the intensive care unit

Girard, T. D., Pandharipande, P. P., & Ely, E. W. (2008) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc6149 · Cited by 628 · see citing works

Sedation and Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit

Reade, M. C., & Finfer, S. R. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1208705 · Cited by 619 · see citing works

Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: A prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study*

Devlin, J. W., Roberts, R. J., Fong, J. J., Skrobik, Y. K., Riker, R. R., Hill, N. S., Robbins, T., & Garpestad, E. (2010) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181b9e302 · Cited by 532 · see citing works

Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): a multicentre cohort study

Pun, B. T., Badenes, R., Calle, G. H. L., Orun, O. M., Chen, W., Chandrasekhar, R., Simpson, B. K., Wilson-Linville, S., Olmedillo, B. H., de la Cueva, A. V., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30552-x · Cited by 528 · see citing works

Daily Sedation Interruption in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Patients Cared for With a Sedation Protocol

Mehta, S. (2012) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.13872 · Cited by 513 · see citing works

Revisions to the Canadian Emergency Department Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) Guidelines 2016

Bullard, M. J., Musgrave, E., Warren, D., Unger, B., Skeldon, T., Grierson, R., van der Linde, E., & Swain, J. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1017/cem.2017.365 · Cited by 497 · see citing works

AGA Institute Review of Endoscopic Sedation

Cohen, L. B., DeLegge, M. H., Aisenberg, J., Brill, J. V., Inadomi, J. M., Kochman, M. L., & Piorkowski, J. D. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.002 · Cited by 484 · see citing works

Palliative Sedation Therapy in the Last Weeks of Life: A Literature Review and Recommendations for Standards

de Graeff, A., & Dean, M. (2007) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2006.0139 · Cited by 460 · see citing works

Improving Hospital Survival and Reducing Brain Dysfunction at Seven California Community Hospitals: Implementing PAD Guidelines Via the ABCDEF Bundle in 6,064 Patients*

Barnes‐Daly, M. A., Phillips, G. S., & Ely, E. W. (2016) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000002149 · Cited by 423 · see citing works

Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in critically ill patients with delirium: A prospective, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study

Dorman, T. (2011) · Yearbook of Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0734-3299(10)79437-5 · Cited by 385 · see citing works

Effect of Dexmedetomidine Added to Standard Care on Ventilator-Free Time in Patients With Agitated Delirium

Reade, M. C., Eastwood, G. M., Bellomo, R., Bailey, M., Bersten, A. D., Cheung, B. K., Davies, A., Delaney, A. P., Ghosh, A., van Haren, F. M. P., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.2707 · Cited by 376 · see citing works

Delirium epidemiology in critical care (DECCA): an international study

Salluh, J. I., Soares, M., Teles, J. M., Ceraso, D., Raimondi, N., Nava, V. S., Blasquez, P., Ugarte, S., Ibanez-Guzman, C., Centeno, J. V., et al. (2010) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc9333 · Cited by 373 · see citing works

Dexmedetomidine versus Propofol Sedation Reduces Delirium after Cardiac Surgery

Djaiani, G. N., Silverton, N. A., Fedorko, L., Carroll, J. A., Styra, R. G., Rao, V., & Katznelson, R. (2015) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000951 · Cited by 372 · see citing works

Using and understanding sedation scoring systems: a systematic review

Jonghe, B. D., Cook, D., Appéré-De-Vecchi, C., Guyatt, G. H., Meade, M. O., & Outin, H. (2000) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s001340051150 · Cited by 370 · see citing works

Emergence delirium in adults in the post-anaesthesia care unit

Lepouse, C., Lautner, C. A., Liu, L., Gomis, P., & Léon, A. (2006) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/ael094 · Cited by 359 · see citing works

Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Delirium in Mechanically Ventilated Adults*

Mehta, S., Cook, D., Devlin, J. W., Skrobik, Y. K., Meade, M. O., Fergusson, D. A., Herridge, M. S., Steinberg, M., Granton, J. T., Ferguson, N. D., et al. (2014) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000000727 · Cited by 347 · see citing works

Delirium and sedation in the intensive care unit: Survey of behaviors and attitudes of 1384 healthcare professionals*

Patel, R. P., Gambrell, M., Speroff, T., Scott, T. A., Pun, B. T., Okahashi, J., Strength, C., Pandharipande, P. P., Girard, T. D., Burgess, H., et al. (2009) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e31819b8608 · Cited by 319 · see citing works

Delirium in the ICU and Subsequent Long-Term Disability Among Survivors of Mechanical Ventilation*

Brummel, N. E., Jackson, J. C., Pandharipande, P. P., Thompson, J. L., Shintani, A., Dittus, R. S., Gill, T. M., Bernard, G. R., Ely, E. W., & Girard, T. D. (2013) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182a645bd · Cited by 310 · see citing works

Impact of tracheotomy on sedative administration, sedation level, and comfort of mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients*

Nieszkowska, A., Combes, A., Luyt, C. E., Ksibi, H., Trouillet, J., Gibert, C., & Chastre, J. E. (2005) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000186898.58709.aa · Cited by 304 · see citing works

Assessing sedation during intensive care unit mechanical ventilation with the Bispectral Index and the Sedation-Agitation Scale

Simmons, L. E., Riker, R. R., Prato, B. S., & Fraser, G. L. (1999) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199908000-00016 · Cited by 300 · see citing works

State Behavioral Scale: A sedation assessment instrument for infants and young children supported on mechanical ventilation*

Curley, M. A. Q., Harris, S. K., Fraser, K. A., Johnson, R. A., & Arnold, J. H. (2006) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.pcc.0000200955.40962.38 · Cited by 298 · see citing works

Overestimation of Bispectral Index in Sedated Intensive Care Unit Patients Revealed by Administration of Muscle Relaxant

Vivien, B., Maria, S. D., Ouattara, A., Langeron, O., Coriat, P., & Riou, B. (2003) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200307000-00006 · Cited by 291 · see citing works

Recommended guidelines for reviewing, reporting, and conducting research on post-resuscitation care: The Utstein style

Langhelle, A., Nolan, J. P., Herlitz, J. D., Castrén, M. K., Wenzel, V., Søreide, E., Engdahl, J., & Steen, P. A. (2005) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2005.06.005 · Cited by 286 · see citing works

Sedative and analgesic practice in the intensive care unit: the results of a European survey

Soliman, H. M., Mélot, C., & Vincent, J. (2001) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/87.2.186 · Cited by 279 · see citing works

Give your patient a fast hug (at least) once a day*

Vincent, J. (2005) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000165962.16682.46 · Cited by 278 · see citing works

Evaluating and monitoring analgesia and sedation in the intensive care unit

Sessler, C. N., Grap, M. J., & Ramsay, M. A. E. (2008) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc6148 · Cited by 284 · see citing works

Reducing Iatrogenic Risks

Vasilevskis, E. E., Ely, E. W., Speroff, T., Pun, B. T., Boehm, L. M., & Dittus, R. S. (2010) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.10-0466 · Cited by 280 · see citing works

Early tracheotomy versus prolonged endotracheal intubation in unselected severely ill ICU patients

Blot, F., Similowski, T., Trouillet, J., Chardon, P., Korach, J.-M., Costa, M.-A., Journois, D., Thiéry, G., Fartoukh, M. S., Pipien, I., et al. (2008) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1195-4 · Cited by 276 · see citing works

Increased duration of mechanical ventilation is associated with decreased diaphragmatic force: a prospective observational study

Hermans, G., Agten, A., Testelmans, D., Decramer, M., & Gayan‐Ramirez, G. (2010) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc9094 · Cited by 273 · see citing works

Melatonin therapy to improve nocturnal sleep in critically ill patients: encouraging results from a small randomised controlled trial

Bourne, R. S., MILLS, G. H., & Minelli, C. (2008) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc6871 · Cited by 266 · see citing works

Dexmedetomidine vs. haloperidol in delirious, agitated, intubated patients: a randomised open-label trial

Reade, M. C., O’Sullivan, K., Bates, S., Goldsmith, D., Ainslie, W. R., & Bellomo, R. (2009) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc7890 · Cited by 265 · see citing works

Validation of a Behavioral Pain Scale in Critically Ill, Sedated, and Mechanically Ventilated Patients

A??ssaoui, Y., Zeggwagh, A. A., Zekraoui, A., Abidi, K., & Abouqal, R. (2005) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000182331.68722.ff · Cited by 263 · see citing works

Large-scale implementation of sedation and delirium monitoring in the intensive care unit: A report from two medical centers*

Pun, B. T., Gordon, S. M., Peterson, J. F., Shintani, A., Jackson, J. C., Foss, J., Harding, S. D., Bernard, G. R., Dittus, R. S., & Ely, E. W. (2005) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000166867.78320.ac · Cited by 258 · see citing works

Abolished circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion in sedated and artificially ventilated intensive care patients

Olofsson, K., Alling, C., Lundberg, D., & Malmros, C. (2004) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.0001-5172.2004.00401.x · Cited by 258 · see citing works

Ketamine Increases Human Motor Cortex Excitability to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Lazzaro, V. D., Oliviero, A., Profice, P., Pennisi, M., Pilato, F., Marinosci, G. Z., Dileone, M., Nicoletti, R., Pasqualetti, P., & Tonali, P. (2003) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.030486 · Cited by 254 · see citing works

Emergence agitation: current knowledge and unresolved questions

Lee, S., & Sung, T. (2020) · Korean Journal of Anesthesiology · doi:10.4097/kja.20097 · Cited by 239 · see citing works

Decreased duration of mechanical ventilation when comparing analgesia-based sedation using remifentanil with standard hypnotic-based sedation for up to 10 days in intensive care unit patients: a randomised trial [ISRCTN47583497]

Breen, D., Karabinis, A., Malbrain, M. L. N. G., Morais, R. J., Albrecht, S., Jarnvig, I.-L., Parkinson, P., & Kirkham, A. J. T. (2005) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc3495 · Cited by 234 · see citing works

Revisions to the Canadian Emergency Department Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) adult guidelines

Bullard, M. J., Unger, B., Spence, J. M., Grafstein, E., & the CTAS National Working Group (2008) · Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1017/s1481803500009854 · Cited by 234 · see citing works

A review of signals used in sleep analysis

Roebuck, A., Monasterio, V., Gederi, E., Osipov, M., Behar, J. A., Malhotra, A., Penzel, T., & Clifford, G. D. (2013) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/35/1/r1 · Cited by 226 · see citing works

Critical Care Nurses’ Role in Implementing the “ABCDE Bundle” Into Practice

Balas, M. C., Vasilevskis, E. E., Burke, W. J., Boehm, L. M., Pun, B. T., Olsen, K. M., Peitz, G. J., & Ely, E. W. (2012) · Critical Care Nurse · doi:10.4037/ccn2012229 · Cited by 214 · see citing works

Validity and Reliability of the CAM-ICU Flowsheet to diagnose delirium in surgical ICU patients

Guenther, U., Popp, J., Koecher, L., Muders, T., Wrigge, H., Ely, E. W., & Putensen, C. (2009) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2009.08.005 · Cited by 213 · see citing works

Impact of a clinical pharmacist-enforced intensive care unit sedation protocol on duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay*

Marshall, J., Finn, C. A., & Theodore, A. C. (2008) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000300275.63811.b3 · Cited by 210 · see citing works

Sedation and Analgesia in the Mechanically Ventilated Patient

Patel, S. B., & Kress, J. P. (2011) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201102-0273ci · Cited by 205 · see citing works

Risk factors for postoperative delirium: An umbrella review of systematic reviews

Bramley, P., McArthur, K., Blayney, A., & McCullagh, I. (2021) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.106063 · Cited by 202 · see citing works

Assessing pain in non-intubated critically ill patients unable to self report: an adaptation of the Behavioral Pain Scale

Chanques, G., Payen, J., Mercier, G., de Lattre, S., Viel, E. J., Jung, B., Cissé, M. F., Lefrant, J., & Jaber, S. (2009) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-009-1590-5 · Cited by 200 · see citing works

Safety and efficacy of analgesia-based sedation with remifentanil versus standard hypnotic-based regimens in intensive care unit patients with brain injuries: a randomised, controlled trial [ISRCTN50308308]

Karabinis, A., Mandragos, K. E., Stergiopoulos, S., Komnos, A., Soukup, J., Speelberg, B., & Kirkham, A. J. T. (2004) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc2896 · Cited by 200 · see citing works

Ventilator Weaning and Discontinuation Practices for Critically Ill Patients

Burns, K. E. A., Rizvi, L., Cook, D. J., Lebovic, G., Dodek, P., Villar, J., Slutsky, A. S., Jones, A., Kapadia, F. N., Gattas, D. J., et al. (2021) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2021.2384 · Cited by 197 · see citing works

How reliable is the Bispectral Index in critically ill patients? A prospective, comparative, single-blinded observer study*

Nasraway, S. A., Wu, E. C., Kelleher, R. M., Yasuda, C. M., & Donnelly, A. M. (2002) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-200207000-00014 · Cited by 193 · see citing works

Patient-Focused Sedation and Analgesia in the ICU

Sessler, C. N., & Gill, K. V. (2008) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.07-2026 · Cited by 186 · see citing works

A randomized trial of protocol-directed sedation management for mechanical ventilation in an Australian intensive care unit*

Bucknall, T. K., Manias, E., & Presneill, J. (2008) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e318168f82d · Cited by 187 · see citing works

Adaptation to the Intensive Care Environment (ATICE): Development and validation of a new sedation assessment instrument

Jonghe, B. D., Cook, D., Griffith, L. E., Appéré-De-Vecchi, C., Guyatt, G. H., Théron, V., Vagnerre, A., & Outin, H. (2003) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000084850.16444.94 · Cited by 180 · see citing works

Clinical review: Sleep measurement in critical care patients: research and clinical implications

Bourne, R. S., Minelli, C., MILLS, G. H., & Kandler, R. (2007) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc5966 · Cited by 180 · see citing works

A strategy of escalating doses of benzodiazepines and phenobarbital administration reduces the need for mechanical ventilation in delirium tremens*

Gold, J. A., Rimal, B., Nolan, A., & Nelson, L. S. (2007) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000256841.28351.80 · Cited by 183 · see citing works

Remifentanil versus fentanyl for analgesia based sedation to provide patient comfort in the intensive care unit: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial [ISRCTN43755713]

Müllejans, B., López, A., Cross, M. H., Bonome, C., Morrison, L. M. M., & Kirkham, A. J. T. (2003) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc2398 · Cited by 183 · see citing works

Efficacy of intraoperative dexmedetomidine infusion on emergence agitation and quality of recovery after nasal surgery

Kim, S. Y., Kim, J., Lee, J. H., Song, B. M., & Koo, B. (2013) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aet056 · Cited by 181 · see citing works

Lorazepam vs Diazepam for Pediatric Status Epilepticus

Chamberlain, J. M., Okada, P. J., Holsti, M., Mahajan, P., Brown, K., Vance, C., Gonzalez, V., Lichenstein, R., Stanley, R. M., Brousseau, D. C., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.2625 · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Delirium: acute cognitive dysfunction in the critically ill

Pandharipande, P. P., Jackson, J. C., & Ely, E. W. (2005) · Current Opinion in Internal Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccx.0000170503.76528.4b · Cited by 170 · see citing works

Sleep monitoring in the intensive care unit: comparison of nurse assessment, actigraphy and polysomnography

Beecroft, J. M., Ward, M., Younes, M. K., Crombach, S. A., Smith, O. M., & Hanly, P. J. (2008) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1180-y · Cited by 169 · see citing works

Epidemiology of sedation and sedation adequacy for mechanically ventilated patients in a medical and surgical intensive care unit*

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What Are the Barriers to Mobilizing Intensive Care Patients?

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