The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Psychiatric Disorder in Young Adulthood: II. Psychiatric Outcomes of Childhood Sexual Abuse
Open accessAbstract
Objective This is the second in a series of articles that describe the prevalence, correlates, and consequences of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in a birth cohort of more than 1,000 New Zealand children studied to the age of 18 years. This article examines the associations between reports of CSA at age 18 and DSM-IV diagnostic classifications at age 18.Method A birth cohort of New Zealand children was studied at annual intervals from birth to age 16 years. At age 18 years retrospective reports of CSA prior to age 16 and concurrently measured psychiatric symptoms were obtained.Results Those reporting CSA had higher rates of major depression, anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, substance use disorder, and suicidal behaviors than those not reporting CSA (p < .002). There were consistent relationships between the extent of CSA and risk of disorder, with those reporting CSA involving intercourse having the highest risk of disorder. These results persisted when findings were adjusted for prospectively measured childhood family and related factors. Similar but less marked relationships between CSA and nonconcurrently measured disorders were found.Conclusions The findings suggest that CSA, and particularly severe CSA, was associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorder in young adults even when due allowance was made for prospectively measured confounding factors.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“adolescent alcohol use predicts adult aggression (Fergusson et al. 1996a; Windle 2000; White et al. 2002; Tarter et al. 2004; Zucker et al. 2008; Sher et al. 2011)”
From Decoding the bidirectional links between alcohol misuse and aggression: toward a unified translational framework (2026) · cites this paper as Fergusson et al. 1996a
In the citing paper
“the most severe CSA (i.e. chronic abuse, intra-familial, involving penetration) have been associated with elevated prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders (Fergusson et al. 2008; Fergusson et al. 1996).”
From Mindfulness as Mediator and Moderator of Post-traumatic Symptomatology in Adolescence Following Childhood Sexual Abuse or Assault (2016) · cites this paper as Fergusson et al. 1996
Citations
Cites
(1992) · Cited by 5,228
Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research.
Browne, A., & Finkelhor, D. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.66 · Cited by 2,718
A review of the long-term effects of child sexual abuse
Beitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., daCosta, G. A., Akman, D., & Cassavia, E. (1992) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(92)90011-f · Cited by 1,378
A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Child Abuse and Neglect
Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199505000-00008 · Cited by 1,072
Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse.
Chu, J. A., & Dill, D. L. (1990) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.147.7.887 · Cited by 844
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Mental Health in Adult Life
Mullen, P. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., Romans, S. E., & Herbison, P. (1993) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.163.6.721 · Cited by 678
Symptomatology associated with childhood sexual victimization in a nonclinical adult sample.
Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1988) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(88)90007-5 · Cited by 658
A review of the short-term effects of child sexual abuse
Beitchman, J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., daCosta, G. A., & Akman, D. (1991) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/0145-2134(91)90038-f · Cited by 634
Sexual assault and mental disorders in a community population.
Burnam, M. A., Stein, J. A., Golding, J. M., Siegel, J. M., Sorenson, S. B., Forsythe, A. B., & Telles, C. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.56.6.843 · Cited by 620
THE COMPOSITE INTERNATIONAL DIAGNOSTIC INTERVIEW (CIDI)
Robins, L. N. (1994) · IX World Congress of Psychiatry · doi:10.1142/9789814440912_0056 · Cited by 574
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 825
Action for children: child outcomes-focused evaluation - final data collection report
Coren, E., Hutchfield, J., Iredale, W., & Thomae, M. (2010) · Cited by 2
Dumont, K. A., Kirkland, K., Mitchell-Herzfeld, S. D., Rodríguez, M., Lee, E., & Greene, R. (2011) · Cited by 2
Epigenetics of Suicidal Behaviour
Turecki, G. (2015) · Advances in biological psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000434738 · Cited by 2
Rau, T. (2015) · Sozial Extra · doi:10.1007/s12054-015-0084-7 · Cited by 2
Early-Life Adversity and Epigenetic Changes
Labonté, B., Farah, A., & Turecki, G. (2015) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139424745.012 · Cited by 2
Epigenetic Biomarkers for Early-Life Adversity
Turecki, G. (2016) · Epigenetics and human health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29901-3_7 · Cited by 2
Morbidity and mortality: Health outcomes and premature death in adult victims of child sex abuse
Guha, A., Papalia, N., Luebbers, S., & Ogloff, J. (2020) · Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819434-8.00012-x · Cited by 1
Behera, B. K., Prasad, R., & Shyambhavee (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90446-9.00001-0 · Cited by 4
Unterstützung für von sexuellem Missbrauch betroffene Kinder und Jugendliche
Stermoljan, C., & Fegert, J. M. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-44244-9_25 · Cited by 2
The epigenetics of suicide: The critical impact of environment on epigenetic regulation in suicide
Lutz, P.-É., Turecki, G., & Labonté, B. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823577-5.00010-6 · Cited by 2
Basu, D., Ghosh, A., Naskar, C., Balachander, S., Fernandes, G., Vaidya, N., Kumaran, K., Krishna, M., Barker, G. J., Sharma, E., et al. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579422000050 · Cited by 3
Psychotherapy with Women Survivors of Sexual Abuse
Gold, J. H. (2000) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/00131746-200001000-00004 · Cited by 2
Foster Children’s Well-Being and Mental Health
Kelly, W. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-65376-1_3 · Cited by 2
Le développement sexuel et psychosocial de l'enfant et de l'adolescent
Hébert, M., Daigneault, I., Langevin, R., & Jud, A. (2017) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.heber.2017.01.0137 · Cited by 2
Bernet, W., & Ray, N. (2009) · Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science · doi:10.1002/9780470061589.fsa232 · Cited by 2
A Preliminary Descriptive Model of Expertise Related Competence in Child Sexual Offending
Bourke, P. (2009) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16968580.v1 · Cited by 2
Child Abuse and Dissociation in Patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Williams, M. J. A., Read, J., & Large, R. G. (1999) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/1999/342781 · Cited by 2
Self-Help and Guided Self-Help Treatments for Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder
Grilo, C. M. (2000) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/00131746-200001000-00003 · Cited by 2
Lee, B. X. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119240716.ch9 · Cited by 2
Aggressionsentwicklung zwischen Normalität und Psychopathologie
Resch, F., & Parzer, P. (2005) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666462337.41 · Cited by 2
A Preliminary Descriptive Model of Expertise Related Competence in Child Sexual Offending
Bourke, P. (2009) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16968580 · Cited by 2
Makhija, N. J. (2014) · Seton Hall University eRepository (Seton Hall University) · Cited by 2
Childhood Sexual Abuse and Risk for Adult Psychopathology
Vogeltanz‐Holm, N. D. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/01343-7 · Cited by 2
Demirgören, B. S., Güvenir, T., Şimşek, O., & Şen, B. (2020) · Journal of Dr Behcet Uz Children s Hospital · doi:10.5222/buchd.2020.71542 · Cited by 1
Taşkesen, T. Ç., Kahya, Y., Işık, H., & Erşahin, Z. (2022) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2022.2052390 · Cited by 1
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Personality Disorders, and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Paris, J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197615768.003.0007 · Cited by 1
Az erőszakos szexuális bűncselekmények pszichotraumatológiája
Erdélyi, Á. (2025) · Belügyi Szemle · doi:10.38146/bsz-ajia.2025.v73.i1.pp63-83 · Cited by 1
Understanding and Addressing the Emotional Impact of Disasters on Children and Families
Mitchell, G. V., Kasujja, R., Singh, V., Ahearne, K., Flynn, E. C., Norton, A., & Schonfeld, D. J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85501-6_11 · Cited by 1
Adolescent Cannabis Use Disorder
Lundahl, L. H., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87990-6_13 · Cited by 1
Obstetric Complications in Adults with ADHD: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Adamou, M., Russell, A., & Sanghera, P. (2011) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-011-9254-0 · Cited by 1
New Scoring Method of the Family Drawing for Sexually Abused Preschoolers
Giasson, V., Daigneault, I., & Hébert, M. (2014) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2014.869292 · Cited by 1
Jacobs, J., Agho, K., & Raphael, B. (2012) · Family matters · Cited by 1
Enhancing Suicide Risk Assessment Through Evidence-Based Psychiatry
SIMON, R. I. (2009) · Cited by 1
A case-control study within diagnostic subgroups
Olssøn, I., Arinell, H., & von Knorring, A. (1999) · Cited by 1
Brain Networks, Hormones and Genes Implicated in Depression
Bennett, M. R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5748-6_5 · Cited by 1
Consequences of child maltreatment in society and implementation of new prevention policies
Karğin, V. (2016) · Journal of Human Sciences · doi:10.14687/ijhs.v13i1.3747 · Cited by 1
Child neglect and trauma: The additive traumatic effects of neglect on maltreated adolescents
Wechsler, A. (2020) · doi:10.34917/1377293 · Cited by 1
La valutazione del minore nelle perizie in ipotesi di abuso sessuale
Capri, P. (2016) · MALTRATTAMENTO E ABUSO ALL INFANZIA · doi:10.3280/mal2016-002002 · Cited by 1
study in males and females Impact of child sexual abuse on mental health : Prospective
Spataro, J., Mullen, P. E., Burgess, P. M., Wells, D. L., & Moss, S. A. (2013) · Cited by 1
Bhuvana, R. C. (2016) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20164559
Autoregressive cross-lagged effects between a sense of community and mobile phone dependency
홍석기, & 하문선 (2017) · Studies on Korean Youth · doi:10.14816/sky.2017.28.3.269 · Cited by 1
Olusola, F. J. (2014) · The Living Cell · Cited by 1
Alterações na epigenética do sistema ocitocinérgico em resposta ao cuidado materno negligente
Mendes, M. D. S., & Lazzari, V. M. (2020) · Clinical & Biomedical Research · doi:10.22491/2357-9730.94207 · Cited by 2
Labonté, B., Lutz, P.-É., & Turecki, G. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417114-5.00015-2 · Cited by 1
Shema, C. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12930-8_17 · Cited by 3
Kim, D. H., Kim, J. Y., & Han, K. J. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106665 · Cited by 1
Astete, P. E. S., Bardales, J. M. D., & Barahona, R. A. P. (2024) · Revista de Climatología · doi:10.59427/rcli/2024/v24cs.1280-1286 · Cited by 2
Sharma, M., & Lakhan, R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29098-5.00006-0 · Cited by 1
Labonté, B., Lutz, P.-É., & Turecki, G. (2014) · Academic Press eBooks · Cited by 1
Kadına Yönelik Cinsel Saldırı Sonrası Müdahalede Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Uygulamaları
Saruç, S., & Aslantürk, H. (2018) · Turkish Journal of Family Medicine & Primary Care · doi:10.21763/tjfmpc.432550 · Cited by 1
L'idéation et les comportements suicidaires
Korczak, D. J., de pédiatrie, S. C., & du développement, C. D. L. S. M. E. D. T. (2015) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/20.5.261 · Cited by 1
Application of modified Laffer Curve in the Marriage Market using Exit Costs
Bose, F. (2018) · Ekonomia/Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis. Ekonomia · doi:10.19195/2084-4093.23.3.1 · Cited by 1
Ulum, Ö. G. (2020) · Opus uluslararası toplum araştırmaları dergisi · doi:10.26466/opus.654893 · Cited by 1
Swetha, S., & Suja., M. K. (2020) · Indian Journal Of Applied Research · doi:10.36106/ijar/7314057 · Cited by 1
Poly-victimization: The Co-occurrence of Intimate Partner Violence with Other Forms of Aggression
Bradel, L. T., & Rosenbaum, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-62122-7_154-1 · Cited by 1
Clinical Characteristics of Sex Offenders with Pedophilia
Moon, J.-Y., Lim, K., Cho, S., Jang, S., Cha, S.-M., & Han, S.-Y. (2021) · 신경정신의학 · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2021.60.2.120 · Cited by 1
Epidemiology of anxiety disorders
Wïttchen, H., & Beesdo‐Baum, K. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0088 · Cited by 1
Atakan, Z., & Duddu, V. (2008) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543593.013 · Cited by 1
Niemelä, S. (2008) · UTUPub (University of Turku) · Cited by 1
van Bokhoven, I. (2004) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 1
"Consumo de álcool e outras drogas e impulsividade sexual entre agressores sexuais"
Baltieri, D. A. (2006) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2006.tde-22032006-221450 · Cited by 1
Rocque, C. L. L. (2011) · QSpace (Queen's University Library) · Cited by 1
The Classification and Epidemiology of Unipolar Depression
Bebbington, P. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118316153.ch1 · Cited by 2
Albertson, J. (2017) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 1
Protective Factors in the Sexual Offending Area: Analysis of the Concept and a Preliminary Model
MacDonald, I. M. (2016) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17061017 · Cited by 1
De la loi de santé publique à l’expérimentation « Violence et santé » en Picardie
Jardé, O., & Gignon, M. (2010) · Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine · doi:10.1016/s0001-4079(19)32333-7 · Cited by 1
Childhood Sexual Abuse, Personality, and Risk Recognition
Harms, E. M. (2019) · doi:10.30707/etd2019.harms.e · Cited by 1
Huemer, J., Edsall, S., Karnik, N. S., & Steiner, H. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119962229.ch15 · Cited by 1
Relationships of Genes and Early‐Life Experience to the Neurobiology of Suicidal Behavior
Mann, J. J., & Currier, D. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118903223.ch9 · Cited by 1
Protective Factors in the Sexual Offending Area: Analysis of the Concept and a Preliminary Model
MacDonald, I. M. (2016) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17061017.v1 · Cited by 1
Individual Differences in Response to Trauma
Paris, J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197615768.003.0002 · Cited by 1
Childhood Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Paris, J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780197615768.003.0005 · Cited by 1
Belaatar, M., Najdi, A., Ammouri, A. E., Senhaji, M., & Louajri, A. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6048672/v1 · Cited by 1
The Effect of PTSD Symptom Severity in EFTT on In-Session Therapy Processes
Jongsma, K. (2014) · Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor) · Cited by 1
An Empirically-Supported Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Maltreated Youth
Wechsler, A. (2020) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.34917/4478324
Assessment of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Clinical Measures, Evaluation, and Treatment
Sapp, M. V. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77119-9_8
Hysteria in Neurological Practice
Ovsiew, F. (2007) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-960-8_7
Risk-Taking and Psychosocial Functioning of Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Taylor, M. R. (2012) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/6726
INVITED REVIEW SEXUAL ABUSE AND THE SUBSEQUENT DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOL PROBLEMS
Moncrieff, J., & Farmer, R. (1998)
Individual and Family Factors That Decrease Depression in Japanese, Chinese, and Korean Youth
Boeckel, J. A., & Laser, J. A. (2015) · International Journal of Social Work · doi:10.5296/ijsw.v2i2.6999
Rossouw, T. I. (2013) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
Psychologiczne i biologiczne uwarunkowania zaburzeń depresyjnych u młodzieży gimnazjalnej
Pakalska−Korcala, A. (2010)
Self-reported childhood abuse and illicit drug abuse/dependence
Nelson, E. C., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Lynskey, M. T., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2003) · Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine)
Self-citationThe Influence of Sexual Assault History on Relationship Functioning
Georgia, E. J. (2014)
Trauma Symptoms and Social Skills Deficits in Juvenile Firesetters
Fogg, D. (2009) · CommonKnowledge Research Repository (Pacific University Oregon)
Klanecky, A. K. (2011) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Empirically Validated Approaches to Family Treatment for Adolescent Girls
Corcoran, J., & PHILLIPS, J. H. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118269848.ch10
Shinkfield, C. (2007) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology)
The contribution of self-reported childhood abuse to the onset of alcohol-related outcomes
Nelson, E. C., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2003) · Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine)
A psycho-social exploration of trans-racial adoptive subjectivity
Love, C. (2015) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
Six Year Outcomes of Suicidal Adolescents: The Role of Sexual Abuse
O’Mara, R. M. (2010) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
On the Identification of Drugs Modulating Epigenetic Mechanisms in Depression
Bennett, M. R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5748-6_8
History of Trauma in Adults with ADHD
Rucklidge, J. J., Brown, D. L., Crawford, S. G., & Kaplan, B. J. (2008) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2008.16.1.10
Drohan, M. A. (2011) · ProQuest Demo Repository
Risk factors of anxiety disorders in children
Dąbkowska-Mika, A., & Dąbkowska, M. (2014) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2014.0018
Prefontaine, A. D. (2014) · HARVEST (University of Saskatchewan)
Characteristics of Childhood Experiences in Women with Remitted Major Depression
Lenze, S. N. (2003) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Cassidy, K. (2007) · Murdoch University Research Portal
Giasson, V. (2012) · Papyrus : Institutional Repository (Université de Montréal)
Impact of early childhood adversities on adult psychiatric
Tieman, W., van der Ende, Æ. J., Tiemeier, H. W., MC–Sophia, E., & Mc, E. (2009)
Metadata
- Authors
- FERGUSSON, D. M., HORWOOD, L. J., & LYNSKEY, M. T.
- Corresponding author
- FERGUSSON, DAVID M.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1996-10
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1365-1374
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2057202132
- Cited by
- 826
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Military, Security, and Education Studies
- Keywords
- child sexual abuse, mental illness, early adulthood, major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, conduct disorder, substance use disorders, suicidal behavior, birth cohort, retrospective reports, abuse severity, family risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Longitudinal Studies, Male, New Zealand, Personality Development, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Cohort Studies, Incidence
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review