The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender Differences in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review
Abstract
Objective To quantitatively review and critically evaluate literature examining gender differences in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Method A meta-analysis of relevant research based on 18 studies meeting inclusion criteria was performed. Domains evaluated included primary symptomatology, intellectual and academic functioning, comorbid behavior problems, social behavior, and family variables.Results Gender differences were not found in impulsivity, academic performance, social functioning fine motor skills, parental education, or parental depression. However, compared with ADHD boys, ADHD girls displayed greater intellectual impairment, lower levels of hyperactivity, and lower rates of other externalizing behaviors; it was not possible to evaluate the extent to which referral bias affected these findings. Some gender differences were clearly mediated by the effects of referral source; among children with ADHD identified from nonreferred populations, girls with ADHD displayed lower levels of inattention, internalizing behavior, and peer aggression than boys with ADHD, while girls and boys with ADHD identified from clinic-referred samples displayed similar levels of impairment on these variables.Conclusions The need for future research examining gender differences in ADHD is strongly indicated, with attention to methodological limitations of the current literature, including the potential confounding effects of referral bias, comorbidity, developmental patterns, diagnostic procedures, and rater source.
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“Boys are more likely to exhibit externalizing conditions like oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder.17,19,20”
From Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents (2019) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“However, clinical samples have the disadvantage of initial referral biases that limit inference about adult outcomes(7-10).”
From Is adult ADHD a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder? Evidence from a four-decade longitudinal cohort study (2015) · cites this paper as [9]
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Cites
Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Kasen, S., Velez, C. N., Hartmark, C., Johnson, J., Rojas, M., Brook, J., & Streuning, E. L. (1993) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01094.x · Cited by 957
Ontario Child Health Study: Prevalence of Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
Szatmári, P., Offord, D. R., & Boyle, M. H. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00236.x · Cited by 543
Cloninger, C. R. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770320035002 · Cited by 339
Berry, C. A., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1985) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.76.5.801 · Cited by 262
Selective Females Affliction in the Developmental Disorders of Childhood: A Literature Review
Eme, R. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2104_5 · Cited by 250
An immunoreactive theory of selective male affliction
Gualtieri, T., & Hicks, R. E. (1985) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00001023 · Cited by 243
Sense of coherence, life stress, and psychological distress: A prospective methodological inquiry
Flannery, R. B., & Flannery, G. J. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199007)46:4 · Cited by 198
Befera, M. S., & Barkley, R. A. (1985) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1985.tb01945.x · Cited by 196
Hyperactive Girls and Boys: Stimulant Drug Effects on Mother–Child Interactions
Barkley, R. A. (1989) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00253.x · Cited by 168
Breen, M. J., & Barkley, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/13.2.265 · Cited by 161
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Kashani, 1979, Hyperactive girls, Oper Psychiatry, 2, 145
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Neurochemical sex differences in adult ADHD patients: an MRS study
Endres, D., Tebartz van Elst, L., Maier, S. J., Feige, B., Goll, P., Meyer, S. A., Matthies, S., Domschke, K., Lange, T., Sobanski, E., et al. (2019) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-019-0264-4 · Cited by 14
Effect of stimulants on final adult height
Wojnowski, N. M., Zhou, E., & Jee, Y. H. (2022) · Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1515/jpem-2022-0344 · Cited by 6
Hare, C., Leslie, A. C., Bodell, L. P., Kaufman, E. A., Morton, J. B., Nicolson, R., Kelley, E., Jones, J., Ayub, M., Crosbie, J., et al. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12485 · Cited by 5
Buadze, A., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Müller, M., Xu, Y., Seifritz, E., Wagner, E.-Y. N., von Känel, R., Glaus, J., Ranjbar, S., Castelao, E., et al. (2026) · PLOS One · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0340179 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- GAUB, M., & CARLSON, C. L.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- CARLSON, CARYN L.
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-08
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1036-1045
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054555385
- Cited by
- 1,117
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 3.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, gender differences, referral bias, comorbidities, academic performance, intellectual functioning, hyperactivity, impulsivity, social functioning, peer aggression, internalizing problems, parental depression, parental education
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Referral and Consultation, Sex Factors, Chi-Square Distribution
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