Girls with attention deficit disorder: A silent minority? A report on behavioral and cognitive characteristics
Abstract
A sample of girls and boys with attention deficit disorder (ADD) were examined for within-group sex differences and compared with control boys and girls on historical, behavioral, and cognitive characteristics. Profiles of essential and secondary features of ADD support the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders nosology for ADD with and without hyperactivity as clinically distinct subtypes of ADD, with the girls and boys with ADD with hyperactivity exhibiting attentional, behavioral, and cognitive impairments, and the children with ADD without hyperactivity exhibiting deficits along an attentional/cognitive axis. Management problems and antisocial behaviors were correlates of hyperactivity, and increased impulsivity was not associated with attentional deficits in the absence of hyperactivity. Within the ADD with hyperactivity group, the girls demonstrated more severe cognitive impairments, particularly in the area of language function, were younger at the time referral for medical attention, and tended to come from families of lower socioeconomic status. Disruptive, uncontrolled behaviors were more frequent among the boys with ADD with hyperactivity. The girls with ADD without hyperactivity demonstrated poorer self-esteem and were significantly older than the boys with ADD without hyperactivity at referral. Girls in both ADD with and without hyperactivity groups were more likely to suffer peer rejection than their male counterparts. The results of this study suggest that girls with ADD may be underidentified and that cognitive deficits have a more prominent role in the identification of girls, whereas behavioral disturbances increase the likelihood of identification for boys.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
ADHD in women, its characteristics, and its development across the lifespan remain insufficiently studied.
“Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in women, its characteristics, and its development across the lifespan remain insufficiently studied [1,2,3].”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
There is a dire need for female-specific treatment options for ADHD expressed by many, including patients.
“We developed this female-specific treatment option in response to the dire need expressed by many [1,17,19,23,24,25,26,28,41,55,85], including patients.”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gender Differences in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review
GAUB, M., & CARLSON, C. L. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199708000-00011 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Goldman, L. S. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.279.14.1100 · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Differences in ADHD
Gershon, J., & Gershon, J. (2002) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/108705470200500302 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A., Grodzinsky, G., & DuPaul, G. J. (1992) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf00916547 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A., DuPaul, G. J., & McMurray, M. B. (1990) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.58.6.775 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Young, S., Adamo, N., Ásgeirsdóttir, B. B., Branney, P., Beckett, M., Colley, W., Cubbin, S., Deeley, Q., Farrag, E., Gudjonsson, G., et al. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02707-9 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan
Seidman, L. J. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.004 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Ayano, G., Demelash, S., Gizachew, Y., Tsegay, L., & Alati, R. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.071 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Hinshaw, S. P., Nguyen, P. T., O’Grady, S. M., & Rosenthal, E. A. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13480 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
“…of females with ADHD began four decades ago (e.g., Ackerman, Sykman, & Oglesby, 1983; Kashani, Chapel, Ellis, & Shekim, 1979; for other early empirical studies, see Berry, Shaywitz, & Shaywitz, 1985; Biederman et al., 1994; James & Taylor, 1990; Mannuzza & Gittelman, 1984; McGee & Feehan, 1991).”
BackgroundNeuropsychological profiles of adolescents with ADHD: effects of reading difficulties and gender
Rucklidge, J. J., & Tannock, R. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00227 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Parenting stress among families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Anastopoulos, A. D., Guevremont, D. C., Shelton, T. L., & DuPaul, G. J. (1992) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00916812 · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Sex differences in the evaluation and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders among children
Giarelli, E., Wiggins, L. D., Rice, C. E., Levy, S. E., Kirby, R. S., Pinto-Martin, J., & Mandell, D. (2010) · Disability and Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2009.07.001 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Observed Classroom Behavior of Children with ADHD: Relationship to Gender and Comorbidity
Abikoff, H. B., Jensen, P. S., Arnold, L. L. E., Hoza, B., Hechtman, L., Pollack, S., Martin, D., Alvir, J., March, J. S., Hinshaw, S., et al. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1015713807297 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Sex differences in predicting ADHD clinical diagnosis and pharmacological treatment
Mowlem, F. D., Rosenqvist, M. A., Martin, J., Lichtenstein, P., Asherson, P. J., & Larsson, H. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1211-3 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
“It is possible that: 1) children with predominantly inattentive symptoms are referred but may receive alternative diagnoses in the absence of externalising behaviours [7, 11]; 2) children with the inattentive presentation may be perceived as less impaired and their behaviour as less problematic in comparison to disrup…”
BackgroundBruchmüller, K., Margraf, J., & Schneider, S. (2011) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026582 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Sex differences in ADHD: Conference summary
Arnold, L. E. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf01670100 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Das, D., Cherbuin, N., Butterworth, P., Anstey, K. J., & Easteal, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031500 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Robison, L. M., Sclar, D. A., Skaer, T. L., & Galin, R. S. (1999) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/000992289903800402 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Psychiatric, Psychosocial, and Cognitive Functioning of Female Adolescents With ADHD
RUCKLIDGE, J. J., & TANNOCK, R. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200105000-00012 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“With respect to cognitive functioning, females with ADHD may have lower IQs than males with ADHD (Gaub and Carlson, 1997), as well as poorer language function (Berry et al., 1985).”
BackgroundPatterns of Friendship Among Girls with and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Blachman, D. R., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2002) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1020815814973 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Vogel, S. A. (1990) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949002300111 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
“Lastly, they concluded that findings of gender differences must be interpreted cautiously, as they "may reflect biases in ascertainment, with referral occurring for only the most severely affected girls" (Berry et al., 1985, p. 808).”
BackgroundDifferential teacher attention to boys and girls in the classroom
Beaman, R., Wheldall, K., & Kemp, C. (2006) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131910600748406 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Eiraldi, R. B., Power, T. J., & Nezu, C. M. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199704000-00013 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Reduced Brain Metabolism in Hyperactive Girls
Monique Ernst, D., Liebenauer, L. L., King, A. C., FITZGERALD, G. A., Cohen, R. M., & Zametkin, A. J. (1994) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199407000-00012 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Goodyear, P., & Hynd, G. W. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2103_9 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
PEER VICTIMIZATION IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER
Wiener, J., & Mak, M. (2009) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20358 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Gender Differences Among Children With ADHD on Continuous Performance Tests
Hasson, R., & Fine, J. G. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711427398 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“Relative differences between girls with and without symptoms of ADHD may have important implications for the assessment of ADHD among school-age children because girls may have been historically underidentified (Berry et al., 1985).”
BackgroundValidity of the Diagnostic Category of Attention Deficit Disorder Without Hyperactivity
Lahey, B. B., & Carlson, C. L. (1991) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949102400208 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Monuteaux, M. C., Valera, E. M., Doyle, A. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2701_4 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Stability and Natural History of DSM-III Childhood Diagnoses
Cantwell, D. P., & Baker, L. (1989) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198909000-00009 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“The evidence that ADDNO is valid as a psychiatric disorder distinct from ADDH is primarily symptom data having to do with either emotional or cognitive functioning (Berry et al., 1985; Carlson, 1986; Carlson et al., 1987; Edelbrock et al., 1984; King and Young, 1982; Sergeant and Scholten, 1985).”
BackgroundLanguage Deficit With Attention-Deficit Disorder: A Prevalent Comorbidity
Tirosh, E., & Cohen, A. (1998) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307389801301005 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Bálint, S., Czobor, P., Komlósi, S., Mészáros, Á., Simon, V., & Bitter, I. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004236 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“In particular, girls with ADHD may have greater prevalence of comorbid internalizing and learning problems, whereas boys may display a greater prevalence of disruptive behavioral disorders (Berry et al. 1985 ; Biederman et al. 2002).”
BackgroundAttention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders
Whalen, C. K. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1162-2_7 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The Social Functioning Of Children With ADD With Hyperactivity And ADD Without Hyperactivity
Wheeler, J., & Carlson, C. L. (1994) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/106342669400200101 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Rhee, S. H., Waldman, I. D., Hay, D. A., & Lévy, F. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.108.1.24 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Overt and Relational Aggression in Girls With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Zalecki, C. A., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3301_12 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Twin‐Sibling Differences in Parental Reports of ADHD, Speech, Reading and Behaviour Problems
Lévy, F., McLaughlin, M., Wood, C., Hay, D. A., & Waldman, I. D. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01443.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Examining the Comorbidity of Language Impairment and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Mueller, K. L., & Tomblin, J. B. (2012) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/tld.0b013e318262010d · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“…Subset of 65 children from the Cantwell and Baker (1987), all comorbid for ADD 6–15 62% of children with ADD had S/LI impairment; 22% had language only Berry et al. (1985) 134 ADD from clinic; 94 school based controls, USA 6–13 26% of ADD had expressive language problems; 8% had receptive…”
A family-genetic study of girls with DSM-III attention deficit disorder
Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Keenan, K. E., & Tsuang, M. T. (1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.1.112 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Korrel, H., Mueller, K. L., Silk, T., Anderson, V., & Sciberras, E. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12688 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
“While narrative reviews of language and ADHD have been published (Baker & Cantwell, 1992; Bellani, Moretti, Perlini, & Brambilla, 2011; Berthiaume, 2006; Green, Johnson, & Bretherton, 2014; Mueller & Tomblin, 2012), a systematic or meta-analytic review that considers such limitations has not yet…”
BackgroundGender Differences Among Children With DSM-IV ADHD in Australia
GRAETZ, B. W., SAWYER, M. G., & Baghurst, P. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200502000-00008 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Increasing Among Girls in the US?
Robison, L. M., Skaer, T. L., Sclar, D. A., & Galin, R. S. (2002) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200216020-00005 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Attention deficit disorder: Current perspectives
Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (1987) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/0887-8994(87)90077-4 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationA Pilot Study of Neuropsychological Function in Girls With ADHD
Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Weber, W. J., Mennin, D. S., & Jones, J. T. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199703000-00015 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Are tests of frontal lobe functions useful in the diagnosis of attention deficit disorders?
Barkley, R. A., & Grodzinsky, G. M. (1994) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854049408401552 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Klein, L. C., & Corwin, E. J. (2002) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-002-0072-z · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Somatosensory functioning in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Parush, S., Sohmer, H., D, A. S. M., & Kaitz, M. (1997) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07466.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Martin, A., Koenig, K. M., Anderson, G. M., & Scahill, L. D. (2003) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1022234605695 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Theory‐ and Evidence‐Based Strategies for Children with Attentional Problems
Zentall, S. S. (2005) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20114 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
The Boundaries of Attention Deficit Disorder
Epstein, M. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Shaywitz, B. A., & WOOLSTON, J. L. (1991) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949102400204 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain function and structure in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Seidman, L. J., Valera, E. M., & Bush, G. (2004) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2004.01.002 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Comorbidity and psychosocial profile of adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Young, S., Toone, B., & Tyson, C. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00267-2 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
The WHO Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version
Kim, J., Lee, E., & Joung, Y. (2013) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2013.10.1.41 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
ADHD in Girls: Clinical Comparability of a Research Sample
Sharp, W. S., WALTER, J. M., Marsh, W., Ritchie, G. F., HAMBURGER, S. D., & Castellanos, F. X. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199901000-00018 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Sex Differences in the Hyperkinetic Syndrome of Childhood
James, A., & Taylor, E. A. (1990) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb01580.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Biederman, J., Kim, J. W., Doyle, A. E., Mick, E., Fagerness, J., Smoller, J. W., & Faraone, S. V. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30874 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Because of the paucity of research on female ADHD, until recently the extant literature has provided equivocal findings [Kashani et al., 1979; Berry et al., 1985; Horn et al., 1989; Breen and Altepeter, 1990; James and Taylor, 1990; Faraone et al., 1991].”
ResultUntreated ADHD in Adults: Are There Sex Differences in Symptoms, Comorbidity, and Impairment?
Rasmussen, K., & Levander, S. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708314621 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
The role of inhibition in the production of disfluencies
Engelhardt, P. E., Corley, M. M. B., Nigg, J. T., & Ferreira, F. (2010) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.38.5.617 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Familial?
Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (1994) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673229409017090 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Sex differences in school-aged children with pervasive attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Horn, W. F., Wagner, A. E., & Lalongo, N. (1989) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00910773 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Neuropsychological function in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Seidman, L. J., Doyle, A., Fried, R., Valera, E., Crum, K., & Matthews, L. (2004) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2003.12.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Further research is needed to address whether particular subgroups of persons with ADHD (eg, ADHD plus bipolar disorder) are especially or distinctively impaired.”
Comparative Effects of Methylphenidate on ADD Girls and ADD Boys
Pelham, W. E., Walker, J. L., Sturges, J. W., & Hoza, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198909000-00021 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Problematic Peer Functioning in Girls with ADHD: A Systematic Literature Review
Kok, F. M., Groen, Y., Fuermaier, A. B. M., & Tucha, O. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165119 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Some studies found that girls with ADHD were more likely to be reported by teachers as being peer rejected than boys [56,87], whereas other studies reported more parent-reported peer problems in boys relative to girls [5,88].”
Behavioral Disinhibition and Underlying Processes in Adolescents with Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Milich, R. S., Hartung, C. M., Martin, C. A., & Haigler, E. D. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1501-6_5 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
ADHD in Girls: Clinical Comparability of a Research Sample
Sharp, W. S., Walter, J. M., Marsh, W., Ritchie, G. F., Hamburger, S. D., & Castellanos, F. X. (2002) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203449523-12 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Doidge, J., Flora, D. B., & Toplak, M. E. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718815588 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Girls with ADHD have been reported to have higher rates of language and verbal difficulties compared with boys with ADHD (Berry, Shaywitz, & Shaywitz, 1985; Gershon, 2002).”
Oswald, D. P., Best, A. M., Coutinho, M. J., & Nagle, H. A. L. (2003) · Exceptionality · doi:10.1207/s15327035ex1104_3 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Holden, S. E., Jenkins‐Jones, S., Poole, C., Morgan, C. L., Coghill, D., & Currie, C. J. (2013) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1753-2000-7-34 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“It is possible that this is at least partly due to the fact that that females present with different symptoms and, most importantly, that they are less likely to have coexisting oppositional or disruptive behaviours [45].”
BackgroundThe adolescent outcome of hyperactive girls: self‐report of psychosocial status
Young, S., Heptinstall, E., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Chadwick, O., & Taylor, E. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00350.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Mikami, A. Y., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2003) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1023839517978 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Ohan, J., & Visser, T. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410903103627 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…gap in ADHD posits that disruptive behavior determines who is seen as in need of help; thus, the reason why boys with ADHD use services more than girls is because they are more disruptive than girls (e.g., Arcia & Conners, 1998; Berry et al., 1985; Biederman et al., 2002; Gaub & Carlson, 1997).”
BackgroundMcDonald, M. P., Wong, R. S. L., Goldstein, G. B., Weintraub, B. D., Cheng, S.-Y., & Crawley, J. N. (1998) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.5.4.289 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Cognitive inhibition and working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Engelhardt, P. E., Nigg, J. T., Carr, L. A., & Ferreira, F. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012593 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Comorbidity: A Critical Issue in Attention Deficit Disorder
Shaywitz, B. A., & Shaywitz, S. E. (1991) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073891006001s03 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention Deficit Disorder with and without Hyperactivity: A Review and Comparison of Matched Groups
Cantwell, D. P., & Baker, L. (1992) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199205000-00008 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Girls With Social and/or Attention Deficits: A Descriptive Study of 100 Clinic Attenders
Kopp, S., Kelly, K. B., & Gillberg, C. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709332458 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Inattentive Behavior in Childhood
Warner-Rogers, J. E., Taylor, A. W., Taylor, E., & Sandberg, S. T. (2000) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221940003300602 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Burd, L., Klug, M. G., Coumbe, M. J., & Kerbeshian, J. (2003) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738030180080101 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Why More Boys Than Girls With ADHD Receive Treatment: A Study of Dutch Twins
Derks, E. M., Hudziak, J. J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2007) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.10.5.765 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Mikami, A. Y., & Lorenzi, J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.597089 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“As exploratory analyses we also tested at Step 3 the interactions between conduct problems and ADHD and sex and ADHD, and at Step 4 the three-way interaction between conduct problems, sex, and ADHD.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGender and Ethnic Differences in ADHD as Assessed by Behavior Ratings
Reid, R. R., Riccio, C. A., Kessler, R. H., DuPaul, G. J., Power, T. J., Anastopoulos, A. D., Rogers-Adkinson, D. L., & Noll, M. B. (2000) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/106342660000800105 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Other research has found that girls with ADHD show more severe visual-spatial, cognitive, and language deficits than boys with ADHD (Berry et al., 1985; Breen, 1989; Brown et al., 1991; Gordon & Mettelman, 1994; James & Taylor, 1990; Kashani et al., 1979; Taylor, 1986).”
BackgroundSex differences in learning abilities and disabilities
Nass, R. D. (1993) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/bf02928174 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Neurobiological Basis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Hynd, G. W., Voeller, K. K. S., Hern, K. L., & Marshall, R. M. (1991) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.1991.12085544 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Heidbreder, R. (2015) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-015-0171-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Son, S., Lee, K.-Y., & Sung, M. (2013) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2012.675548 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Munkvold, L. H., Lundervold, A. J., & Manger, T. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9486-6 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Gender differences in a clinic-referred sample of attention-deficit-disordered children
Brown, R. T., Madan‐Swain, A., & Baldwin, K. (1991) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/bf00707789 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Seidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Valera, E. M., Monuteaux, M. C., Doyle, A. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2006) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.2.166 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Kwasman, A. (1995) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170240029004 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Mild Head Injury as a Source of Developmental Disabilities
Segalowitz, S. J., & Brown, D. (1991) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221949102400907 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A Comparison of Girls and Boys With Teacher-identified Problems of Attention
McGee, R. O., Williams, S., & Silva, P. A. (1987) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198709000-00016 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Tucha, O. M., Walitza, S., Mecklinger, L., Sontag, T. A., Kübber, S., Linder, M., & Lange, K. W. (2006) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-006-0496-4 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“There are however a number of studies reporting differ- ences between subtypes of ADD or ADHD in various mea- sures of functioning (King and Young, 1982; Berry et al., 1985; Sergeant and Scholten, 1985; Lahey et al., 1988; Barkley et al., 1990; Barkley et al., 1992; Barkley, 1998).”
BackgroundDas, D., Cherbuin, N., Easteal, S., & Anstey, K. J. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086552 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Since childhood referrals are initiated by parents and teachers, girls without the hyperactivity component of ADHD are less likely to be clinically diagnosed [78].”
BackgroundMahendiran, T., Dupuis, A., Crosbie, J., Georgiades, S., Kelley, E. A., Liu, X., Nicolson, R., Schachar, R. J., Anagnostou, E. A., & Brian, J. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00607 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Issues in the Classification of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
Cantwell, D. P., & Baker, L. (1988) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198809000-00001 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Gender bias and special education referrals
Anderson, K. G. (1997) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-997-0024-8 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
McBride, M. C. (1988) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80548-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Rowe, K. S., & Rowe, K. (1997) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1022678013979 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Attributional Styles and Psychosocial Functioning of Adults With ADHD
Rucklidge, J. J., Brown, D., Crawford, S. G., & Kaplan, B. J. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054706289942 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Panagiotidi, M., Overton, P. G., & Stafford, T. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113477 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
- Authors
- Berry, C. A., Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Venue
- PEDIATRICS
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 1985-11-01
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 801-809
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W1907913791
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- attention deficit disorder, girls, sex differences, hyperactivity, cognitive impairment, language functions, antisocial behavior, impulsivity, self-esteem, peer rejection, underidentification, socioeconomic status
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior Disorders, Cognition, Female, Humans, Hyperkinesis, Interpersonal Relations, Learning Disabilities, Male, Peer Group, Psychological Tests, Self Concept, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
