The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Specifying PDD-NOS: A Comparison of PDD-NOS, Asperger Syndrome, and Autism
Abstract
Objective To describe the clinical characteristics of children given a diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) by expert clinicians and to compare these to the clinical characteristics of children given a diagnosis of autism and Asperger syndrome (AS). Method Two hundred sixteen children with autism, 33 with AS, and 21 with PDD-NOS were compared on measures of level of functioning (communication, daily living and social skills, IQ, and age of acquisition of language) and on various symptoms of autism (impaired communication and reciprocal social interaction and a preference for repetitive and stereotyped activities). Results In terms of level of functioning measures, the PDD-NOS children had scores that were between those of the children with autism and those of the children with AS. In contrast, the PDD-NOS group had fewer autistic symptoms, especially repetitive stereotyped behaviors, than both the autism and AS groups (chi2 = 11.06, p =.004). Children with PDD-NOS could be placed into one of three subgroups: a high-functioning group (24%) who resembled AS but had transient language delay or mild cognitive impairment; a subgroup resembling autism (24%) but who had late age of onset or too severe cognitive delays or were too young to potentially meet the full diagnostic criteria for autism; and a group (52%) not fulfilling the criteria for autism because of fewer stereotyped and repetitive behaviors. Conclusions With some revision to current diagnostic criteria, a more homogenous atypical group with significant impairments in social-communication but fewer repetitive behaviors can be differentiated from the more nonspecific PDD-NOS group. This differentiation may lead to better reliability in diagnosis and to further progress in studies of etiology.
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“This effort has been largely unsuccessful because distinct, empirically defined subgroups have yet to be reliably identified.”
From DSM-5 and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): an opportunity for identifying ASD subtypes (2013) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Before DSM-5, there were poor diagnostic criteria with limited reliability in assigning subcategory diagnosis (Walker et al. 2004).”
From Autism Spectrum Disorder and auditory sensory alterations: a systematic review on the integrity of cognitive and neuronal functions related to auditory processing (2023) · cites this paper as Walker et al. 2004
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“PDD-NOS is often seen as a disorder between the autism and Asperger’s Disorder with regard to IQ, measures of adaptive behavior, and communication skills (Walker et al., 2004).”
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“symptomatology is present but the individual’s symptoms do not fall neatly into any other ASD diagnostic category (Mahoney et al., 1998; Walker et al., 2004; Willemsen-Swinkels & Buitelaar, 2002).”
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“catch-all category containing individuals who exhibit less autism symptomatology than those with autistic disorder or Asperger’s disorder or atypical presentations (Walker et al., 2004).”
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Konst, M. J. (2015) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.144
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“A brief but comprehensive summary of the current diagnostic criteria for Autistic Disorder and PDD-NOS will follow, as these are the two diagnoses germane to this current study.”
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“Despite the unclear definition of PDD-NOS, a number of researchers have found significant differences between PDD-NOS and autism (Buitelaar et al., 1999; Charman et al., 2003a; Mayes et al., 1993; Pearson et al., 2006; Walker et al., 2004).”
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Insights of Perspectives of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Sirswal, S., Goyal, R., Goel, K., Manisha, M., Gautam, R. K., & Gupta, S. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-8176-2.ch001
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“Walker et al. (2004) attempted to better differentiate between children with autism disorder, Asperger’s disorder and PDD-NOS.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- WALKER, D. R., THOMPSON, A., ZWAIGENBAUM, L., GOLDBERG, J., BRYSON, S. E., MAHONEY, W. J., STRAWBRIDGE, C. P., & SZATMARI, P.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- ORCID
- ZWAIGENBAUM, LONNIE
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2004-02
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 172-180
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2081876348
- Semantic Scholar
- 94b8b340f54c72f9cb0978275647255a65330777
- Cited by
- 191
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 4.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, autism spectrum disorder, Asperger syndrome, diagnostic criteria, clinical features, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, social communication deficits, language delay, cognitive impairment, diagnostic heterogeneity, children
- MeSH terms
- Autistic Disorder, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Asperger Syndrome
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