Pharmacological drug treatment of Alzheimer disease: The cholinergic hypothesis revisited
Abstract
Christopher J. Ladner, PhD, John M. Lee, MD, PhD; Pharmacological Drug Treatment of Alzheimer Disease: The Cholinergic Hypothesis Revisited, Journal of Neu
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Reduced acetylcholine is associated with insufficient synthetic action of choline O-acetyltransferase and high catalytic action of acetylcholinesterase, leading to loss of cholinergic transmission at the pre-synaptic level.
“reduced ACh, is associated with an insufficient synthetic action of choline O-acetyltransferase (ChAt) and a high catalytic action of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), finally, lead to the loss of cholinergic transmission at the pre-synaptic level [15].”
From Multi-Target Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Protein Aggregation (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
The cholinergic hypothesis argues that the reduction of learning and mnemonic processes at the base of Alzheimer's disease is due to low levels of acetylcholine in neurons.
“The cholinergic hypothesis argues that the reduction of learning and mnemonic processes at the base of the disease are due to low levels of ACh in neurons”
From Multi-Target Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Protein Aggregation (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
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“[18-25] The cognitive deficits seen in patients with AD are thought to be primarily related to the degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the cortex and hippocampus (the cholinergic hypothesis of AD), resulting in deficits of cholinergic transmission and reduced levels of acetylcholine in these patients.[6,26-29] Howe…”
Interactions between β-amyloid and central cholinergic neurons: implications for Alzheimer’s disease
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“Cholinergic neurons in the brain stem and striatum are either spared or affected only in late stages of the disease.(45,47,48) Together with pharmacologic evidence of cholinergic involvement in the affected cognitive processes, these findings led to the development of a “cholinergic hypothesis” of AD.”
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“It was also found that a reduction of the acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme (choline acetyltransferase, ChAT) correlates with the grade of dementia [55].”
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“…markers choline acetyltransferase (chAT), which synthesizes acetylcholine, and acetylcholinesterase, which breaks down acetylcholine and, subsequently the loss of cholinergic neurons themselves (Coyle et al., 1983; Perry et al., 1992; Geula et al., 1998; Ladner & Lee, 1998; Talesa, 2001).”
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“For example, P3 amplitude decline and latency retardation exceeding those observed in normal aging are long established in Alzheimer’s disease [42], but it is not known how these electrophysiological symptoms relate to the histochemically determined central cholinergic [23,25] and adrenergic [5,9,36,44] deficiencies o…”
BackgroundErythrocyte membrane fluidity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease patients
Vignini, A., Alia, S., Pugnaloni, S., Giulietti, A., Bacchetti, T., Mazzanti, L., Luzzi, S., & Fiorini, R. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110754 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Amadoruge, P. C., & Barnham, K. J. (2011) · International Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.4061/2011/542043 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Reductions in ChAT activity are the greatest [71, 72] and correlate with disease severity [68, 73].”
BackgroundKar, S. (2002) · Drug Development Research · doi:10.1002/ddr.10080 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in the neocortex of AD brains, which correlates positively with the clinical severity of dementia [Davies and Maloney, 1976; Whitehouse et al., 1982; Quirion, 1993; Geula and Mesulam, 1994; Kasa et al., 1997; Ladner and Lee, 1998; Blusztajn and Berse, 2000].”
InfluentialJearjaroen, P., Pakdeepak, K., Tocharus, C., Chaichompoo, W., Suksamrarn, A., & Tocharus, J. (2020) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-020-00269-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Rispoli, V., Marra, R., Costa, N., Scipione, L., Rotiroti, D., Vita, D. D., Liberatore, F., & Carelli, V. (2006) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.06.009 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Activation of muscarinic receptors inhibits glutamate-induced GSK-3β overactivation in PC12 cells
Ma, K., Yang, L., Chen, H., et al. (2013) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/aps.2013.42 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Barik, J., Dajas‐Bailador, F., & Wonnacott, S. (2005) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706278 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“AD, which accounts for 70% of dementia cases in most industrialised countries, is characterised by cell atrophy and extensive neurone loss, with a marked reduction in cholinergic transmission in the cortex and hippocampus (Coyle et al., 1983; Ladner & Lee, 1998).”
BackgroundTurégano, L., Martínez-Rodríguez, R., Álvarez, M., Gragera, R., Segura, A., de Miguel, E., & Tolédano, A. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.1116 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…(Kasa et al., 1997; Ladner and Lee, 1998; Lawrence and Sahakian, 1998; Bartus, 2000); but, up to now, “cholinergic therapies” have not obtained the expected success (Ladner and Lee, 1998; Lawrence and Sahakian, 1998; Samuels and Davis, 1998; Lemiere et al., 1999; Richards and Hendrie, 1999).”
BackgroundTakadoi, M., Yamaguchi, K., & Terashima, S. (2003) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00665-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ladner, C. J., & Lee, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Loyola University Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, John M.
- ORCID
- Lee, John M.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1998-08
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 719-731
- ISSN
- 0022-3069 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-6578
- OpenAlex
- W2061570982
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, cholinergic hypothesis, cholinesterase inhibitors, acetylcholinesterase, pharmacotherapy, cholinergic system
- MeSH terms
- Acetylcholine, Alzheimer Disease, Central Nervous System, Humans, Receptors, Muscarinic, Receptors, Nicotinic
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