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Chronic Fatigue, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Fibromyalgia: Disability and Health-Care Use
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Disabling chronic fatigue that does not meet criteria for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or fibromyalgia (FM) is a condition thought to be associated with substantial disability and an apparently high use of health-care services. The authors compare patients who have chronic fatigue, CFS, FM, or CFS and FM together (CFS+FM) on employment status, self-reported disability, number of medical care visits, type of services obtained, and other diagnoses received. METHODS: The authors studied 402 patients from a university-based chronic fatigue clinic. All patients underwent an initial structured diagnostic assessment. One hundred forty-seven patients met case criteria for CFS, 28 for FM, 61 for CFS+FM, and 166 fell in the residual chronic fatigue group. Of these patients, 388 completed a follow-up questionnaire an average of 1.7 years later. Chi-squared tests and analysis of variance were used to compare groups on follow-up measures of health-care use and disability. RESULTS: Patients with chronic fatigue, CFS, FM, and CFS+FM were similar in terms of disability and health-care use, though those with CFS+FM were significantly more likely to be unemployed and to use more chiropractic and "other" provider services. Rates of unemployment ranged from 26% (chronic fatigue) to 51% (CFS+FM). Overall, patients reported a mean of 21 visits to a wide variety health-care providers during the previous year, with no significant differences between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic fatigue, CFS, and FM are associated with considerable personal and occupational disability and low rates of employment. The potentially large economic burden of these disorders underscores the need for accurate estimates of direct and indirect costs, the relative contribution of individual factors to disability, and the need to develop targeted rehabilitation programs.
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“questionnaire-based studies have found that between 35% and 50% of patients with fibromyalgia were not working.2–5”
From Does work have to be so painful? A review of the literature examining the effects of fibromyalgia on the working experience from the patient perspective (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
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Afari, N., van der Meer, J. W., Bleijenberg, G., & Buchwald, D. (2005) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20050401-08 · Cited by 2
Self-citationNijs, J., & Meeus, M. (2004) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-313-7316-1_49 · Cited by 2
Kitselaar, W. M., Hartmann, L., Evers, A. W. M., & Numans, M. E. (2026) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2026.05.015 · Cited by 1
The effectiveness of homoeopathic similimum treatment in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
Saul, W. (2005) · Cited by 1
Okifuji, A. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-28919-4_12 · Cited by 1
Phillips, L. J. (2007) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Disability Evaluation for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Munu, P. (1997) · Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome · doi:10.1300/j092v03n04_03 · Cited by 1
Montero, R. P. (2001) · Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome · doi:10.1300/j092v09n03_04 · Cited by 1
Spence, M. (2005) · ResearchSpace (University of Auckland) · Cited by 1
Balasubramaniam, R. (2006) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
Nicholson, K. (2012) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Sleep and Quality of Life in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Libman, E. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-343-5_25
The interesting but confusing phenomenon of neurasthenia and chronic fatigue syndrome
Mak, K. (2001) · The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)
Developing an expressive writing intervention for people with chronic fatigue syndrome.
Domènech, C. (2004) · Doctoral thesis, University of London.
Metadata
- Authors
- BOMBARDIER, C. H., & BUCHWALD, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Venue
- Medical Care
- Published
- 1996-09
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 924-930
- ISSN
- 0025-7079 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2077888723
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medical Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ai026788-03, 5r01ag008240-03)
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG08240)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01 AI26788)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Keywords
- chronic fatigue, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, employment status, disability, health care utilization, chiropractic services, economic burden, rehabilitation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Chronic Disease, Employment, Fatigue, Female, Fibromyalgia, Follow-Up Studies, Persons with Disabilities, Health Services, Health Services Research, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Washington, Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic, Chi-Square Distribution, Health Care Costs
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