Effect of psychosocial stress and age on plasma norepinephrine levels: a review.
Abstract
Forearm venous plasma norepinephrine and muscle sympathetic nerve activity, which are closely correlated, both increase with age. Recent studies have shown that the increase in plasma norepinephrine with aging is confined to long-term cigarette smokers, whereas values in elderly nonsmokers or young smokers were not different from values obtained in young nonsmokers. The mechanism of the increase in plasma norepinephrine in long-term smokers has not been clarified, but cardiac output and plasma volume were not different in smokers and nonsmokers. In patients who have or have had a duodenal ulcer, the increase in plasma norepinephrine with age is markedly increased. These patients tend to die prematurely because of smoking-associated diseases. These patients may select dysfunctional coping strategies like smoking, which may result in organ pathologies and a compensatory increase in plasma norepinephrine. No close correlation has been established between plasma epinephrine and "ill health." High plasma epinephrine levels may have a deleterious effect on the cardiovascular system in elderly subjects during certain conditions. In a population study, however, we found that low resting plasma epinephrine levels were associated with an unfavorable survival rate. We speculate that an inadequate response to psychosocial stress and the choice of dysfunctional coping strategies may be more harmful and cause more "ill health," than hypersecretion of stress hormones like epinephrine and cortisol, which has been the traditional view.
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One large population study suggests that low resting plasma epinephrine levels were associated with an unfavorable survival rate.
“One large population study suggests that low resting plasma epinephrine levels were associated with an unfavorable survival rate (17); this finding, however, may be a function of the lower levels of epinephrine in older individuals (18).”
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“The sympathetic autonomic system is involved in blood pressure, pulse rate, arousal and body temperature through catecholamine release from the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerve endings (Christensen and Jensen, 1994; Duncko et al., 2007).”
Background
- Authors
- Christensen, N. J., & Jensen, E. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- ORCID
- Christensen, N J
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 1994-01
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-83
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2331200877
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Keywords
- plasma norepinephrine, psychosocial stress, aging, cigarette smoking, muscle sympathetic nerve activity, plasma epinephrine, duodenal ulcer, coping strategies, survival, cardiovascular risk, cortisol
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Glands, Age Factors, Arousal, Duodenal Ulcer, Humans, Norepinephrine, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Stress, Psychological, Sympathetic Nervous System
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