The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Predictors and Correlates of High Levels of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms Among Children at Age 10
Abstract
Objective To identify factors that predict or are correlated with symptoms of depression and anxiety in 10-year-olds.Method Women and their offspring were followed from the fourth prenatal month through 10 years. There were 636 mother-child pairs at 10 years, a follow-up rate of 83% of the birth cohort. Cognitive, psychological, sociodemographic, and environmental factors were measured at each phase. High depression and anxiety were defined as having a number of symptoms >1 SD above the mean for each measure. These measures were combined to represent high depression and/or anxiety (D/A) at 10 years of age.Results Predictors from the prenatal period of D/A at 10 years were more maternal depression symptoms, African American race, less social support, greater household density, and prenatal marijuana exposure. From 18 months through 6 years, lower child IQ, child injuries at age 3, and attention problems predicted symptoms of D/A at age 10. Across all study phases, lower child IQ, household density during pregnancy, attention problems, early childhood injuries, and prenatal marijuana exposure predicted D/A. Maternal psychological and sociodemographic factors were not significant in the final model.Conclusions Factors from gestation and early childhood predict high symptom levels of depression and anxiety at age 10. When gestational exposure, early environmental factors, and child characteristics were considered, maternal depression and socioeconomic status were not significantly associated with early onset D/A. Marijuana exposure during gestation marginally predicted depression/anxiety at age 10.
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“Both race and poverty, which are often confounded within studies, are associated with heightened risk for depression.22–24”
From Subthreshold Symptoms of Depression in Preadolescent Girls Are Stable and Predictive of Depressive Disorders (2008) · cites this paper as [23]
Citations
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Prenatal exposure to maternal depression and cortisol influences infant temperament
DAVIS, E. P., GLYNN, L. M., SCHETTER, C. D., HOBEL, C., CHICZ-DEMET, A., & SANDMAN, C. A. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318047b775 · Cited by 628
Prenatal depression effects on early development: A review
Field, T. (2011) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2010.09.008 · Cited by 592
Resilience Among Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: The Role of Risk and Protective Factors
Martinez-Torteya, C., Anne Bogat, G., Von Eye, A., & Levendosky, A. A. (2009) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01279.x · Cited by 313
Maternal Cannabis Use Alters Ventral Striatal Dopamine D2 Gene Regulation in the Offspring
DiNieri, J. A., Wang, X., Szutorisz, H., Spano, S., Kaur, J., Casaccia, P., Dow-Edwards, D. L., & Hurd, Y. L. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.06.027 · Cited by 279
Tortoriello, G., Morris, C. V., Alpár, A., Fuzik, J., Shirran, S. L., Calvigioni, D., Keimpema, E., Botting, C. H., Reinecke, K., Herdegen, T., et al. (2014) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/embj.201386035 · Cited by 268
Metadata
- Authors
- Leech, S. L., Larkby, C. A., Day, R., & Day, N. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Day, Nancy L
- ORCID
- Day, Richard
- Venue
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 223-230
- ISSN
- 0890-8567 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1972770398
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 12.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01da003209-04)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA06666, R01AA006666)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA03209, R01DA003874, DA 03874)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- childhood depression, childhood anxiety, prenatal cannabis exposure, maternal depression, child IQ, attention deficits, household density, social support, African American children, socioeconomic status, birth cohort
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Ethanol, Anxiety Disorders, Cannabis, Child, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Mothers, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Risk Factors, United States, Logistic Models, Age of Onset
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